QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES BRISBANE AUSTROBAILEYA VOLUME 1 NUMBER 4 1 98 1 . 85780—S.R. HAMPSON, Government Printer, Queensland CONTENTS Further notes.on Acacia in Queensland FRY Gy BOtHE esp uecocestucrepasthhdeiedt dents pvilesiddd dpveah tn dudateanssteeidedes ooh abhldasddesndsnadts 339 Florai morphology in relation to pollination ecology in five Queensland coastal plants By Richard B. Primack, Norman C. Duke and P.B. Tomlinson............. 346 An analysis of the Australian grass flora Tay, BeBe SORTER wh hah icy cht lanl ad dase badass Min dbisuomerd eed iey bared ease hi Ley Ay 356 Notes on the genus Homoranthus (Myrtaceae) in Australia BRYSINE BS BP TIES. oa ab eee seaezescasaazpemeoeess niasnyo gen coveqe pagannces seqes) phielerssders pappenveaeesnvens 372 Notes on Leguminosae, II Byell APRY A a ciudsnese (Loadsbyhenentslachesianssdedhtsancorerth cdastivectelstatunnvenneesretles 376 Notes on Queensland Orchidaceae, 2 | Bar Py, TE VASAT cc asadg nescnyhssicdseeese rs vrudehiedcacpay a ueneppyepuvbeddetvrceny snevenwedscusdgeyasnles 380 Addition to Combretaceae (Lagunclurieae) from Australia Be AE SB VtHGE S25 2 obi de dod | hs Blind oe RETR ate cnc eed iNet Pees lat 385 Notes on Sapindaceae in Australia, I BAY SBA TT ARETE cercvivedacra shoealssidds despleha ved zstecs) Aalotiscertaleuabacdelsapantefeatidaes 388 A revision of Atylosia (Leguminosae) in Australia By Sally T. Reynolds and L. Pedley ii. ccccccecscssscsecssececeessseesrssceseeeens 420 Editor: L. Pedley . Date of Publication ‘*Austrobaileya’’ 1(3) was published on 29 February 1980. 339 Austrobaileya 1 (4): 339-345 (1981) FURTHER NOTES ON ACACI4 IN QUEENSLAND By L. Pedley Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane. Summary Acacia tephrina and A. handonis are described as new. A. lazaridis is a new name for A. brevifolia (F. - Muell. ex Benth.) Benth. non (Lodd.) G. Don. A. clivicola Pedley is referred to A. stowardii Maiden which is distinguished from A. duriuscula W.V. Fitzg. A. difficilis Maiden and E. estrophiolata F. Muell., recorded from Queensland for the first time, are described. Notable extensions to the ranges of A. cincinnata F. Muell. and A. solandri Benth. and an additional specimen of A. ramiflora Domin are recorded. A. angustissima (Miller) Kuntze is recorded as an occasional weed in tropical Queensland though its deliberate introduction is also noted. The numbers assigned to species are those of my revision of the Queensland species (Pedley 1978, 1980). Additional species have been given ‘‘A’’ numbers next to their supposed nearest relative, except for A. angustissima which has no near rela- tives in Australia. 45. Acacia stowardii Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 51:269 (1917). Syntypes: Western Australia: Comet Vale, 63 miles N of Kalgoorlie, Dec 1916, T./. Jut- son 175 and without date, Jutson 281 (PERTH, fragments & photos of each). A, clivicola Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:7 (1974), Austrobaileya 1:155 (1978), syn. nov. Type: Gregory South District: near Pinkilla, about 40 miles (64 km) pom Quilpie on Windorah Road, Mar 1960, Johnson 1508 (BRI, holo; NT, iso). When describing Acacia aprepta I considered its relationship with A. stowardii but more recently Mr. B.R. Maslin, who is preparing an account of Acacia for a forthcom- ing ‘‘Flora of Central Australia’’, drew my attention to the resemblance of A. clivicola to A. stowardii and to A. duriuscula W.V. Fitzg. He made available specimens from Western Australia and I examined specimens from the Northern Territory, South Australia and Queensland as well. I have seen fragments and photographs of the type specimen of A. stowardii as well a range of material* collected in the Kalgoorlie-Menzies area and a large number of specimens identified as A. clivicola. The types of A. stowardii and A. clivicola are remarkably similar in the size and indumentum of the branchlets and young shoots, the size and shape of the pods and above all the size, shape and nervdture of the phyllodes. The two are certainly conspecific. In the protologue of A. stowardii Maiden compared it with A. duriuscula, Maiden often compared species he described with others not closely related but in this case comparison of the two species was war- ranted. He wrote ‘“‘There is a good deal of external similarity between these two species, but if we examine them carefully, we find that flowers in spikes are unknown in A. duriuscula, while the calyx is more than half as long as the corolla in that species, and not half as long in A. stowardii. The phyllodes of A. duriuscula are shorter and more resinous, though in neither species is it [resin] abundant; those of A. duriuscula are less smooth to the touch, as the venation is coarser, i.e. the veins are thicker and more prominent, yet in both it would be termed fine’’. Examination of a type speci- men of A. duriuscula (Coolgardie district, in 1902, Kelso. PERTH), confirmed * Board 6506; Campbell s.n., Hall H76/61; Maslin 1932, 1934, 1948 & 2408; Wilson 6507 (all PERTH). 340 Maiden’s observations. The heads of A. duriuscula are not at all elongate whereas those of A. stowardii are at least ovoid; the calyx resembles that of A. stowardi/ in size, degree of lobing, texture and indumentum but is slightly less than half as long as the corolla whereas that of A. stowardii often ranges from one-third to one-half as long; and the phyllodes are shorter than is usual in A. stowardii. None of these characters would however exclude A. stowardii absolutely from A. duriuscula but the nervature of the phyllodes of the two species is sufficiently different to distinguish them. Throughout tts range, which extends over about 28° longitude, A. stowardii has rather thick phyllodes finely striate with numerous parallel nerves (1O—11/mm across the phyllode on the type specimens) while A. duriuscula has more widely spaced translu- cent nerves (5—6/mm). The type specimen is the only one that I have seen that I would refer with cer- tainty to A. duriuscula. Further collections are needed to confirm the observations on the nervature of the phyllodes and to determine what the pods are like. There is a problem, already recognised (see above p. 155), in distinguishing A. stowardii from A. kempeana. The latter usually has wider pods and phyllodes but as specimens often do not have pods the width of the phyllodes is often the only cri- terion for separating the species. The phyllodes of A. kempeana are more than 5 mm and those of A. stowardii are (on most specimens) less than 4 mm wide. A few speci- mens, particularly from the south-western part of the Northern Territory [Maconochie 1844 (BRI, NT, PERTH) Latz 5237 (BRI, NT, PERTH) Woenne s.n. (PERTH) ], with phyllodes 4—5S mm wide may represent intermediates between A. stowardii and A. kempeana, Ecological data on the herbarium labels suggest however that they are A. stowardii. 47, A. solandri Benth. NorTH KENNEDY District: Hervey Holding, Paluma Range, approx. 19°15’S 146°25’E, rainforest, Jun 1975, Hyland 3007, Inkerman Hill [19°45’S, 147°30’E], Mar 1975, Jackes (ICT). SouTH KENNEDY Dis- TRICT: Clarke Range west of Cathu, approx 20°40’S, 148°30’S, Apr 1978, Byrnes 3804 & Clarkson. Acacia solandri extends farther north in Queensland than previously supposed. It occurs in rainforest and in drier situations such as Mt Stuart near Townsville. 53A. Acacia difficilis Maiden in Ewart & Davies, Flora North. Territory 344 (1917). Type. NortHern Terrirory: Howard Creek, 20 miles SE of Darwin, Jun 1916, Hill (not seen). Tree to 8 m tall but flowering when only | m; branchlets glabrous or often tomentose the indumentum usually persisting in upper axils, occasionally with brown scurf on developing phyllodes and tips of branches. Phyllodes straight or falcate and tapering into a long pulvinus when narrow, 9—12(—16) cm x 2—4(—5) cm, (2—)3—6 times as long as wide, with many fine crowded slightly anastomosing nerves, 3 or 5 more prominent than the rest, glabrous or tomentose; gland prominent basal, pulvinus 4—10(—17) mm long. Spikes dense (2—)3—4(—4.5) cm long on peduncles 3—8 mm long often arranged in complex inflorescences. Occasionally the spikes are in pairs in the upper axils but usually they are at the base of an axillary shoot up to 5 cm long which may bear 2—S lateral spikes. Occasionally two pairs of spikes and two shoots develop in each axil and the upper phyllodes are reduced in size so that a complex paniculate inflorescence develops. Flowers 5— merous; calyx lobes extremely narrowly spathulate + free, ciliolate at the apex, 0.5—0.7 mm long; corolla glabrous 0.9—1.2 mm long about twice as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary tomentose. Pods similar to those of A. julifera, — terete, longitudinally wrinkled, glabrous, to 13 cm long, 3 mm diam. Seeds longitudinal, ca 6 x 2.2 mm; areole open; funicle folded and thickened, basal. BuRKE District: Settlement Creek, Jun 1923, Brass 352. 341 Acacia difficilis is widely spread in the northern part of the Northern Territory where it occurs on sandy soils often with Eucalyptus nesophila or Grevillea pteridiifolia and on alluvia. It has been coljected only once in Queensland. The main flowering period is July-August and fruits mature from August to October. It is difficult to distinguish from Acacia tumida Benth. which has shorter flattened pods and often glaucous branchlets. Its closest relative is A. julifera which is also den- sely tomentose in its young stages. The Queensland specimens referred to in the pro- tologue of A. difficilis are A. julifera subsp. gilbertensis. 63. Acacia lazaridis Pedley, nom. et stat. nov. Based on Acacia aulacocarpa Cunn. ex Benth. var. brevifolia F. Muell. ex Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:144 (1859). Type: Suttor, Mueller 39 (K, holo). A. brevifolia (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:395 (1864); Pedley, Austrobaileya 1(2):167 (1978) nom. illeg. non Lodd. ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. Dichlam. Pl. 2:406 (1832), Bentham (Fi. Aust. 2:373. 1864) referred 4. brevifolia Lodd. to A. lunata. Lod- dige’s name is 4 nomen nudum, but it was validated with a brief description by G. Don. Consequently A. brevifolia (Benth.) Benth. is a later homonym. I am indebted to Mr. B.R. Maslin for pointing out Don’s description of A. brevifolia. The species is named for Mr. M. Lazarides (CANB) who is well known for his work on Australian grasses and whose collections in northern Australia have been invaluable in studies in many groups including Acacia. 65. A. cincinnata F. Muell. SouTH KENNEDY District: Foot of Eungella Range, 21°05’S 148°38’E, rainforest margin, May 1970, Telford 1816 (Canb. Bot. Gard. 034602): East Funnel Creek (approx. 21°40'S 148°S0’E) cleared rainforest planted to pasture, Nov. 1978 Anderson 630. As expected (see p. 169) A. cincinnata has been collected in the vicinity of Mackay where it is associated with rainforest. 96. Acacia cana Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 53, errata (1920); Pedley, Austrobaileya 1:196 (1978). Tree to ca 6 m tall with dense spreading crown; branchlets obscurely angular, grey with indumentum of dense short appressed hairs. Phyllodes straight, linear, acute, + pungent (3—)4.5—10 cm long, (1.5—)2—3.3(—4) mm wide, 15—35(— 50) times as long as wide, with many fine longitudinal nerves hidden at first by dense indumentum of appressed hairs which are absent from old phyllodes. Heads of 25— 30 flowers on penduncles 7—10(—12) mm long in pairs in the upper axils or 2—3 in axillary racemes, the axis ca 2.5 mm long sometimes growing out into a leafy shoot with heads on single axillary peduncles. Flowers 5— merous; calyx eventually splitting into narrowly oblong or concave spathulate lobes 0.6—0.8 mm long appressed pubes- cent in the upper part; corolla 1.4—1.6 mm long, 2—2.5 times as long as the calyx, appressed pubescent; stamens 2.5 mm long; ovary densely tomentose. Pods (immature) fiat wih prominent raised yellowish margins, curved, up to 10 cm long, ca : mm wide, appressed pubescent; seeds longitudinal with funicle folded into basal aril. New South Wales. WESTERN PLAINS: Battery Creek, ‘‘Gumvale” via Tibooburra, Sep 1970, Hitchcock NSW 106277 (BRD); 1 mile E of ‘“Gumvale”’ homestead, near Tibooburra, Sep 1971, Perry 5746 (BRI); Depot Glen, Milparinka, 29°42'S 141°45’E, Sep 1973, Cunningham 1087 & Milthorpe (NSW): **Mulga Valley” Stn on road between White Cliffs and ‘“Tero Creek”’ Stn, Dec 1968, Martensz CSIRO Div. Wildlife Res. 4132 (NSW), White Cliffs, Sep 1906, O'Reilly NSW 101392 (BRI); Bunker Creek on Wilcan- | nia-White Cliffs Road, Oct 1974, Cunningham 2952 & Milthorpe (BRI). Queensland: Warrego District: ‘“‘Avonvilla’’ N. of Adavale, Apr 1961, Wilson (BRI, K). 342 Acacia cana is found in the extreme north-west of New South Wales usually on drainage lines, and has apparently been collected once in Queensland. The specimen has extremely young heads and it has not been possible to determine the structure of the calyx, but.long peduncles and pointed phyllodes indicate that it is 4. cana. The great bulk of the Queensland material previously referred to A. cana is now referred to A. tephrina. | 96A. *Acacia tephrina Pedley. Type. BURKE DisTRICT: 10 miles N of Hughenden, Jun 1975, Lazarides 3613 (BRI, holo; CANB, K, iso). Tree usually erect up to 20 m tall, silvery, bark dark grey, fissured and flaky; branchlets slender, angular, with dense indumentum of short appressed hairs wearing off on angles, often glabrescent. Phyllodes straight or slightly falcate, linear though sometimes widest above the middle when broad, not sharply pointed, 7—11(—15) cm long, 2.5—4.5(—6) mm wide, 20—35(—60) times as long as wide, many fine longitudinal‘nerves, densely appressed pubescent, hairs on old phyllodes confined to intercostal lines. Heads of 20—35 flowers in densely pubescent axillary 4—10— branched racemes, the axis 2.5—8 mm long, branches 4—7(— 10) mm long. Flowers 5— merous; calyx 0.3—0.5 mm long with appressed pubescent lobes ca !/3 as long as the calyx, sometimes pubescent; stamens ca 2.5 mm long; ovary densely tomentose, glabrous when aborted. Pod linear, flat, slightly, contracted between seeds and con- vex over them, densely appressed pubescent, up to 6.5 cm long and 5 mm wide; seeds longitudinal, 5.5 x 3.5—4 mm; areole central, open; funicle ca 3 times folded forming small basal aril. —_ Queensland. Burke District: 10 miles [16 km] N of Hughenden, Jun 1965, Lazarides 3613 (BRI, CANB, K); 10 km S of Hughenden, Kent 71 (BRI): Hughenden, Jun 1934, Blake 6226 (BRI). Cook pIs- TRict: 4 miles [6 km] SE of Einasleigh, Jun 1966, Pedley 2113 (BRI). NortH KENNEDY District: ca 10 miles.[16 km] W of Bowen, Jun 1958, Pedley 266 (BRI, K): Guthulungra, 19°56'S 147°50’E, May 1974, Thompson (BRI). MITCHELL District. Glenhurst near Blackall, May 1936, Everist & White 65 (BRD. SoutH KENNEDY District: 90 km (by road) N of Clermont, 22°04’S 147°34’E, Jun 1972, T.J. McDonald 558 (BRI); ‘‘Kiandra”’ 32 miles [51 km] N of Clermont, Aug 1964, Pedley 1739 (BRD). Gregory Sout Dis- trict: Grey Range, between Quilpie and Eromanga, May 1928, White (BRI, K); ‘‘Whynot’’, Nov 1957, oe 5663. WARREGO District: Cowley — Boorara Road, 26°54’S 144°50’E, Jun 1955, Smith 6387 (BRI, I have seen two collections of what may be an undescribed species allied to A. tephrina. Only a few phyllodes on the specimens were intact but they appeared to be more elongate (10—16 cm long, 33-35 times as long as wide) than is usual in A. tephrina though within the range of variation of that species. The axillary racemes appear to have fewer heads and there appear to be significant differences in the flowers. The calyx is 0.6—0.9 mm long, shortly obtusely lobed, glabrous or with * Acacia tephrina Pedley, species nova affinis A. canae Maiden phyliodiis non pungentibus ramis racemorum paucibus et calyce in lobos discretos non secedente differt. Typus: Lazarides 3613 (BRI, holotypus; K, CANB, isotypi). Arbor plerumque erecta usque 20m alta argentea cortice atrocinerea fissurata et squamata; ramuli tenues angulares indumento pilorum brevium appressorum in angulis evanescenti obsiti saepe glabrescentes. Phyliodia recta vel leviter falcata linearia quaamquam ubi lata interdum latissima supra medium non valde acuta, 7—11(—15) cm longa, 2.5—4,5(—6) mm lata, 20—35(—60) plo longiora quam latiora, nervis multis tenuibus longitudinalibus, dense appresse pubescentia, pilis in phyllodiis veteribus lineam inter- ‘costatem limitatis. Capitula 20—30 florum in racemos dense pubescentes axillares 4— 10 ramosa disposita ex axe 2.5—8 mm longa, ramis 4—7(—10) mm longis constantes. Flores 5— meri; calyx 0.3—0.5 mm longus lobes appresse pubescentibus calyce toto 3plo brevioribus; corolla 1.3—1.5 mm longa interdum pubescens (2—)2.5—4plo calcye longior, stamina circa 2.5 mm longa; ovarium dense tomentosum, glabrum ubi abortum. Legumen lineare planum inter semina leviter contractum et convexum supra ea, dense appresse pubescens usque 6.5 cm longum et 5 mm latum; semina longitudinalia 5.5 x 3.5—4 mm; areolus centralis apertus; funiculus circa 3plo plicatus arillum parvum basilem faciens. 343 some longish white hairs on the tube and with dense shorter golden hairs on the lobes. The corolla is 1.4—1.8 mm long, about twice as long as the calyx. Pods are needed to clarify its position relative to A. tephrina and other species of the Microneurae group. Both collectors noted that the plant grows in thickets. The speci- mens seen were: Western Australia. CARNEGIE District: East of Lewis Range (approx. 20°10’S 128°40’E), June 1968, Beard 5571 (PERTH). Northern Territory: 117 km W of Hookers Creek, 18°12’S 129°44’E, July 1973, Maconochie 1749 (BRI, PERTH, specimens also at AD, B, CAN, DNA, K, NSW, NT). Despite the note to the contrary (Pedley 1978, p. 196) the plant generally known in Queensland as Acacia cana is not conspecific with A. cana from New South Wales. Mr. B.R. Maslin demonstrated to me that specimens at herb. Kew should be referred to two species, true A. cana and an undescribed species (4 fephrina) from Queens- land. Observations at Kew were subsequently confirmed with specimens borrowed from NSW. A. cana has more sharply pointed, often narrower, phyllodes, inflorescences with fewer longer branches and calyxes when split into distinct lobes. Except for the reference to Miiparinka plants, notes previously published under A. cana refer to, A. tephrina. 114. Acacia ramiflora Domin BurkE District: 5 miles [8 km] E of Hughenden, pebbly red earth soil in low open woodland of Eucalyptus whitei and Triodia sp., Apt 1971, Birch 71/49 (JCT). The specimen cited extends the known range of A. ramiflora only slightly. The species should be looked for in the Pentland-Hughenden area.:More material is required to assess its relationship with A. simsii. 118A. Acacia estrophiolata F. Muell., South. Sci. Record 2:150 (1882). Type: Northern Territory: Finke River, Kempe (NSW, iso). Tree, often strongly weeping, to 12 m tall:branchlets slender + terete, glabrous with the epidermal layer often lifting off. Phyllodes straight linear acute, 6—12 cm x 1.7—4(—5) mm, 17—40(—50) times as long as wide, with 3 widely spaced longitudinal nerves with indistinct reticulate veins between them; gland at some dis- tance (5—25 mm) from the base with the margin distinctly bent at the gland and occasionally | or 2 more distal glands; pulvinus | —2 mm long. Heads of ca 40 flowers in peduncles, subtended by an obtuse concave bract, 7—10 mm long in pairs in the upper axils. Flowers 5—numerous; calyx lobes + free spathulate, glabrous 0.8—1 mm long; corolla ca 1—2 mm long; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods flat moniliform, the valves rather membranous; long wide. Seeds longitudinal ca 5 x 4 mm, funicle hardly thickened, areole small central open paler than the rest of the seed. Grecory Nortu District: no definite locality (approx. 24°20'S 138°20'E), Gasteen. Acacia estrophiolata is common in the southern part of the northern Territory usually on sandy alluvia or on run-on areas. It flowers in April and May. It is so closely related to A. excelsa subsp. angusta that subspecific rank might be considered appropriate, but as the phyllodes of A. estrophiolata are always longer than those of A. excelsa and their geographic ranges are distinct specific rank is maintained. The exact locality of Gasteen’s collection is not known, but it is in the north- eastern part of the Simpson Desert within 200 km of collecting localities of A. estrophiolata in the Northern Territory. 344 152A. *Acacia handonis Pedley, Type: DARLING Downs DISTRICT: Barakula State ae (approx. 26°20’S 150°30’E), 15 Nov 1978, V. Handos.n. (BRI 233624, olo). Subshrub with branchlets ribbed below the insertion of the phyllodes, with scat- tered short glandular hairs and occasionally with denser simple hairs. Phyllodes crowded spirally arranged and occasionally subverticillate, probably semiterete when fresh subquadrangular and + similar to those of A. baveri when dry, without obvious nerves, recurved and mucronate at the apex, 6—10(—12) mm long, 0.3—0.4 mm thick; gland apparently absent; pulvinus ca 0.2 mm long. Heads of ca 30 flowers on axillary peduncles 8(—16) mm long. Flowers 5—merous, glabrous and glutinous; calyx 0.6—0.8 mm long, lobed to about the middle; corolla 1.8—1.9 mm long, 2—3 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3.5 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod shortly stipi- tate, flattened glabrous with prominent raised cartilaginous excrescences on valves. Seeds longitudinal ca 4 mm long, 1.7—1.9 mm wide; areole large oblong open; funi- cle basal thick fleshy folded. DaRLING Downs District: Barakula area, Aug-Sep 1977, /.G. & M. Simmons 896. Acacia handonis is an extremely rare species. I have examined specimens from the only known population north of Chinchilla. Flowers have been collected in July and August and mature fruits in November. The species resembles 4. brunioides but its unusual pod sets it apart from that species and all others I have examined. The plant is named in honour of Mrs. V. Hando who collected specimens for me. 236. Acacia angustissima (Miller) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3(2):47(1898), Woodson & Schery, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37:268(1950) et fide Isely synonyma ibi enumerata; Isely, Sida 3:368(1969). Based on Mimosa angustissima Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 811768). Type: not seen (BM, fide Isely). Cook District: Bamaga near Cape York, Aug 1964, Christensen. NORTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Millaroo Research Stn, ca 30 miles [48 km] SW of Ayr, Aug 1964, Sefton. SouTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Alliga- tor Creek, near Mackay, Sep 1957, Goodchild. Acacia angustissima, a native of subtropical and tropical America, has been col- lected three times in Queensland. On one occasion it was suspected of being introduced from outside Australia in forage legume seed. It has not proved troub- lesome and seems not to have persisted. It may be of value as a forage plant and in recent years it has been deliberately introduced. At present plants from three different introductions are being grown at the Walkamin Research Station of the Department of Primary Industries, near Mareeba. Details of the original introduc- tions with Commonwealth Plant Introduction numbers are: CPI 40175 Botivia: La Basuela, alt 2100m, Jun 1965, RZ. Williams 5047. CPI 51651 Arizona: Desert Botanic Gardens, Phoenix, introduced in 1971. CPI 57959 PEL AERLANDS LESSER ANTILLES: Curacao, introduced in 1972, Arnoldo-Broeders, Fraterhuis oto. , * Acacia handonis Pedley, species nova affinis A. bruniodis Cunn ex G. Don pagina valvorum leguminis crescentibus cartilagineis praedita (ramentacea) et seminihus longitudinalibus differt. Type: V. Handos.n. {BRI 233634, holo). Fruticulus ramulis costatis infra insertionem phyllodiorum pilis sparsis brevibus glandulosis et inter- dum confertioribus simplicibus vestitus dispersis. Phyllodia conferta spiralitie disposita et interdum subver- ticillata, probabiliter semiteretia ubi viva subquadrangularia et similis eosum A. bauveri ubi secca, sine nervis manifestis, recurvata et mucronulata ad apicem, 6—10(—12) mm longa, 0.3—0.4 mm crassa; glans nulla ut videtur; pulvinus ca 0.2 mm longus. Capitula 30flora in pedunculo axillari 8(—16) mm longo disposita. Flores Smeri glabri et giutinosi, calyx 0.6—0.8 mm longus ad fere medium lobatus; corolla 1.8—1.9 mm longa, 2—3plo longior quam calyx; stamina circa 3.5 mm longa; ovarium glabrum. Legumen breviter stipitatum applanatum glabrum excrescentibus prominentibus cartilagineis in valvis ornatum circa 4.5 cm longum, 4 mm lfatum. Semina longitudinalia circa 4 mm longa, 1.7—1.9 mm lata; areolus grandis oblongus apertus;, funiculus basalis plicatus crassus succulentus. 345 A. angustissima differs from all other species found in Queensland in having rather oblong heads of almost white flowers (with short pedicels) in paniculate inflorescences and bipinnate leaves without glands. A number of infraspecific taxa has been described; for example, Isely recognised _ Six varieties occurring in the United States, and there is no general agreement on either the status of these taxa or of the circumscription of A. angustissima. 1 have taken a broad view of the species as there is a need for it to be criticially studied throughout its range. References PEDLEY, L. (1978). A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austobaileva | (2) : 75-234. PepLey..L. (1980). A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland (concluded). Austrebaileva 1(3) : 235-337. 346 Austrobaileya 1 (4): 346-355 (1981) FLORAL MORPHOLOGY IN RELATION TO POLLINATION ECOLOGY IN FIVE QUEENSLAND COASTAL PLANTS By Richard B. Primack,! Norman C. Duke,? and P.B. Tormlinson3 Abstract . Observations of pollination by birds in Acanthus ilicifolius and Lysiana subfalcata var. maritima, hawkmoths in Cleredendrum inerme and Sonneratia alba, and bees in Sesuvium portulacastrum, are presented along wth detailed descriptions of floral morphology and pollination efficiency using pollen/ovule ratios. Self-fertilization is restricted in Sesuvium, Acanthus, and Clerodendrum by protandry, while the flowers of Lysiana, Sonneratia, and Acanthus are morphologically incapable of automatic self-pollination. The high fruit set seen in flowers of these species suggests that these species are self-compatible. Self-compatibility in mangrove and mangrove-associated species will presumably allow some fruit set even in isolated, single plants after a new habitat is colonized. Information on the reproductive biology of plants forming or often associated with mangrove communities has generally been limited to the fruit dispersal stage (see Guppy, 1906; Rabinowitz, 1978). Recent studies in Australia have shown an extensive array of floral adaptations in relation to different pollinator visitors and plant-animal interrelationships in the genus Lumnitzera, Combretaceae (Tomlinson et al, 1979) and the tribe Rhizophoreae: of the family Rhizophoraceae (Primack and Tomlinson, 1978; Tomlinson et al, 1979). The present study reports on the floral morphology, pollination ecology, and fruit set of five species found in the mangrove or other coastal vegetation of northern Queensland. This information provides a bet- ter understanding of the dynamic interactions among plants and animals in and near the mangrove forest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Observations were made at Cape Ferguson, near Townsville, Queensland (19°4’S, 147° 17E) during March and April 1978. The methods for determining pollen/ovule ratios and stigma receptivity have been described by Tomlinson et al. (1979). To summarize, the number of pollen grains per flower was determined either by direct count of macerated anthers or with a Coulter Counter, and of ovules by direct dissection. The onset of stigma receptivity was determined by floating stigmas in (a) a-naphthyl acetate, and observing a color reaction at the stigma surface, indica- tive of esterase activity by a coupling with (b) hexazotised pararosanilin. Descriptions of floral characters directly related to pollination were made using fresh material, but the illustrations were prepared from fluid-preserved material. All information on flower phenologies and pollinator visits were made on natural popula- tions. Collections were made of insect visitors to these flowers; these insects were identified by members of the C.S.I.R.O. Division of Entomology, Canberra. Fruit set was determined for three species by tagging either flower buds about to open or open flowers in April 1978, and returning two weeks later to check for developing fruit. Information on the growth habit, typical habitat, and geographical distribution of each species is presented in Table 2: I Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, U.S.A. ? Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 3 Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts 01366, U.S.A. 347 SONNERATIA ALBA J.SM. (SONNERATIACEAE) This is a tree of the seaward community of mangroves with the flowers con- spicuous and terminal on the ultingate branches (Fig. 12). Each flower has approx- imately 300 stamens which form the attractive part of the flower; each stamen is about 25 mm long. Some of the stamens point outward, while others are angled inward, forming a network of filaments about 30 mm in length over the ovary (Fig. 12D). The stamens are partially supported by the five thick, green calyx lobes, which are often purple at the base. The style extends beyond the anthers, then bends upward, and ends in a sticky, disc-shaped stigma. Automatic self-pollination is ~ minimized because the stigma extends beyond the anthers. Many drops of nectar accumulate along the margin of the ovary. The flowers last only one night, they open at dusk or just after dusk and are often orientated towards the setting sun. The following morning the stamens fall off and the stigma discolors. About one hour after the flower opens, a sour-milk odor is pro- duced and the anthers begin to dehisce. The light, powdery pollen is produced in very large quantities (500,000 grains per flower). Bees sometimes land on the opening flowers but are generally unable to penetrate the tangle of filaments and do not con- tact the stigma. Hawkmoths were observed visiting the flowers, and appear to be the primary pollinators in this area. Alighting for only a few seconds on a flower before resuming flight, moth activity was relatively low. Individual flowers probably were visited no more than twice during the two hours over which observations were made; however, this is presumably sufficient for pollen transfer to take place. Two hawkmoths of the same species (Psilogramma menephron menephron |Cramer] )were captured, averag- ing 1.3 g in weight, and 88, 87 and 56 mm for proboscis length, wing-span, and body iength respectively. A proboscis of this length would allow the hawkmoth to take nec- tar from a distance. Of 46 flower buds tagged in this species, forty-one developed into young fruit; fruit set was 89%, CLERODENDRUM INERME GAERTN. (VERBENACEAE) This is a sprawling shrub of mangrove margins with white flowers in corymbose cymes, with the two to eight flowers in each cyme held horizontally in a single plane (Fig. 13). The corolla has five reflexed lobes and a tube 30 mm long, 15 mm wide at the opening, and 1.4 mm wide at the base. On the inner surface, the corolla tube is densely covered with short fine hairs, presumably to keep out unwanted flower visi- tors. The calyx forms a cup which extends above the ovary and is covered with an irregular series of raised elliptical glands which apparently function as extra-floral nec- taries, since ants are commonly observed feeding at them. Four stamens extend 30 mm from the corolla mouth when the flower first opens (Fig. 13A). The included part of the filaments is white, the excluded part is purple. Each versatile anther sac splits longitudinally in the middle, exposing the thick yellow back of the anther and pulling pollen into a groove formed between the split anther edge and the back of the anther. After the first day and night, the stamens wither away and the filaments roll up. The style is only about 30 mm in length at anthesis, increasing to 60 mm by the second or third day, when the two stigma lobes diverge and the flower becomes receptive to pollen (Figs. 13B, C). These flowers are therefore strongly protandrous, with limited chance of pollen being transferred from anther to stigma within the same flower. Further, all flowers in a single inflorescence generally remain at the same developmental stage, so that flowers on the same inflorescence are unlikely to polli- nate each other, though inflorescences at different developmental stages are often 348 12 Sonneratia alba 13 Clerodendron inerme Figure 12. Sonneratia alba J. Sm. (from fluid-preserved material, Cape Ferguson, Townsville, Queens- land). A. Opening flower bud (x 2/3). B. Floral diagram. C. Open flower (x 2/3) at anthesis from the side. D, Open flower (x 2/3) in longitudinal section. Figure 13. Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. (from fluid-preserved material, Cape Ferguson, Townsville, Queensland). A. Flower (x 2) at anthesis (male phase) from the side. B. Flower (x 2) at female phase from the-side. C. Flower (x 2) at female phase in longitudinal section. D. Floral diagram. 349 found on the same plant. The stigma of a single flower may be receptive from one to several days,with individual flowers lasting three to five days. The flowers are very fragrant. No daytime visitors to the flowers were observed in several hours of observation. In two hours of observation at and just after dusk, one large hawkmoth was the onby flower visitor to a large flowering bush. The hawkmoth appeared and departed suddenly. In this brief visit, the hawkmoth probed virtually every flower on the bush, spending only a second or two on each flower. Adaptations for hawkmoth pollination appear to be the long corolla with hairy interior to exclude other insects. The white corolla and strong fragrance presumably aid the hawkmoths to locate the flowers. The versatile anthers with pollen in grooves, allows the pollen to be placed precisely on the hawkmoth proboscis. The purple color of the filament and style presumably make them difficult for the hawkmoth to see and avoid. No data was obtained on fruit set. ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS L. (ACANTHACEAE) Acanthus ilicifolius is a shrub or sprawling woody herb with conspicuous blue flowers borne in terminal spikes (Fig. 14A). The corolla is divided into two small upper lobes, and one large recurved lower lip some 35 mm broad and 27 mm long (Fig. 14B, C). The four stamens are in two slightly unequal pairs with their anthers pressed together under tension facing the lower lobe. The anthers (Fig. 14D, ED dehisce longitudinally, with a thick line of hairs lining the split so that pollen is pre- sented on the lower side of the stamens. The stigma rests on top of the anthers, but is prevented by the hairs from coming near the pollen. There is a ring of dense hairs at the base of the stamens where the floral tube narrows (Fig. 14B). All of these hairs point upward and outward, preventing insects from crawling into the floral tube. A large pollinator visiting the flower probes into the channel about 12 mm long, formed between the stamens and the large corolla lobe below. When the bases of the stamens are touched by the pollinator, they readily diverge in pairs and the style and stigma descend. When pressure on the stamen bases is released, the stigma lifts up and the stamens come back together again. The result is that the stigma touches the _ back of a pollinator first and picks up pollen, and pollen is deposited by the flower as the pollinator withdraws and the stamens come together again. As a result of this functional morphology, the stigma and the dehisced anthers rarely contact one another. Self-pollination can occur if the stigma does not return to its original position sufficiently rapidly. The stigma has two lobes which diverge slightly. On the basis of stigma staining, the stigma does not appear to become receptive until the second day the flower is open. The flowers usually last two days, with exceptional flowers lasting either one or three to four days. Pollen was present in the anthers of all flowers examined, regard- less of their age. While the flower morphology tends to prevent the self-pollination of a flower, self-pollination is further restricted by the weak protandry. When pollinator activity is high, all the pollen could be removed from the anthers before the stigma becomes receptive. The only pollinator seen on a patch of approximately one hundred flowers dur- ing six hours of observation was a yellow-breasted sunbird (Nectarina jungularis ) which perched on the stems and probed in most of the flowers. Xylocopa bees, which are also suspected of being pollinators, were seen in the vicinity but did not visit these flowers. The pressure which must be exerted on the stamen bases for them to sepa- rate and the distance of the anthers and the stigma from the nectar at the ovary base support the conclusions that pollinators must be relatively large and strong. An examination of inflorescences which had recently finished flowering with a total of several hundred flowers showed that fruits develop from most flowers. 350 14 Acanthus ilicifolius Figure 14. Acanthus ilicifolius L. (from fresh material cultivated at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Florida). A. Spicate inflorescence (x 2/3). B. Flower (x 2) in longitudinal section. C. Flower {x 2/3) from the front. D. Large stamen (x 4). E. Small stamen (x 4). F. Floral diagram. Cultivated specimens at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Florida set rather infrequent seed suggesting a degree of dependence on a fairly generalized pollinator. LYSIANA SUBFALCATA (HOOK.) B.A. BARLOW SPP. MARITIMA B.A. BARLOW (LORANTHACEAE) This parasitic epiphyte is confined to mangrove vegetation (Barlow, 1966). The upright flowers are usually produced in two-flowered cymes. The flowers are curved back away from the branch tip (Fig. 15). The petaloid calyx tube is about 25 mm in length and 3.5 mm in width at the mouth with six flaring lobes approximately 10 mm 351 in length (Fig. 15A, B). The inner, lower two lobes are longer than the others due to the splitting of the calyx lower down producing a slight zygomorphy. The bottom half of the calyx is red below grading into yellowish green above. The six stamens are episepalous and bear long, thin anthers covered with sticky, yellow pollen. The ovary is inferior and the stigma is ball-shaped, slightly grooved above and covered with papillae but no discernible ovules are developed, as is usual in the Loranthaceae. Since the stigma extends slightly beyond the anthers and the anthers open inward, au- tomatic self-pollination is minimized. There is abundant pollen in the anthers of only Figure 15. Lysiana subfalcata (Hook) B.A. Barlow ssp. maritima B. A. Barlow (from fluid-preserved material, Cape Ferguson, Townsville, Queensland). A. Flower (x 4/3) from the side. B. Flower (x 4/3) from the side with stamens removed, C. Flower (x 4/3) in longitudinal section. E. Floral diagram, ovary jocules are stylized. Figure 16. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. (from fresh material, Miami, Florida). A. Flower (x 4) in longitudinal section. B. Flower (x 4) from above. C. Floral diagram. 16 Sesuvium portulacastrum indicates that the flower is fragrant distance from anthers to ovary base ‘indeterminate, no ovules are produced 352 recently open flowers, though some pollen may also persist in older flowers. Flowers last at least three days, and often longer. The stigma becomes receptive as soon as the flower opens and remains receptive as long as the flower persists. The flowers are visited by several species of nectar-feeding birds, principally a species of honeyeater, probably the white-throated honeyeater (Melithreptus albogelaris ), and also the yellow-breasted sunbird and the mistletoe bird (Dicguem hirundinaceum ). These birds fly actively between plants, probing all flowers. Many flowers have slits in the calyx tube where the birds have apparently torn the flowers to get at the nectar. | Characters of these flowers related to bird pollination are the inferior ovary for protection against the bird bill, the red calyx as an attractant, and the stickiness of pollen facilitating attachment to the bill of the bird. Of 83 flower buds and flowers tagged, fifty-six fruit developed; fruit set was 67%. SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM L. (AIZOACEAE) This prostrate beach herb has a pan-tropical distribution. The flowers (Fig. 16) have five fleshy tepals which are pink on the inside and green on the outside. The tepals open to expose the flower parts, closing again at night and during cloudy weather, but closing finally after the flower has been pollinated. They open again at the time the capsule dehisces. There are about 25-60 stamens, 30 ovules, and 3 (—4) stigmatic lobes per flower. The stamens are pink, and mature progressively from the outside inward during the course of one day; for each stamen, first the filament elongates and then the anther dehisces. The pollen remains in the anther only.a brief time as it is rapidly removed by small, pollen-collecting bees (Trigona hockingsi Cockerell). The stigma lobes are straight initially and gradually diverge, becoming fully spread after all the anthers have dehisced. Stigma staining shows that the recep- tive area of the stigma is a narrow strip on the inner surface, beginning at the tip. The stigma does not stain or stains only weakly in newly opened flowers and flowers with most of the anthers at or past dehiscence. Flowers with all the anthers past anthesis and fully divergent stigmas have deeply staining stigmas. The flowers are clearly pro- tandrous, and stay open one to two days. Bees will occasionally probe at the stamen bases of flowers at all stages of development, however, there was no observable nec- tar present. Of 29 flowers tagged, nineteen fruits developed; fruit set was 66%. POLLEN AND OVULE PRODUCTION ~ The five species span a wide range in ovule production, varying from 4 to 220 ovules per flower. Flowers of Lysiana subfalcata do not have differentiated ovules. Pollen production per flower varies from 3/70 grains in Clerodendrum inerme to 588,000 grains in Sonneratia alba. Species differ in the pollen-ovule ratios, an index of the efficiency of the pollination system (Cruden, 1977). The pollen/ovule ratios are low in comparison with those calculated for several mangrove species in the Rhizophoraceae (Tomlinson et al, 1978). The pollen/ovule ratio of Clerodendrum inerme in particular is low, suggesting that the hawkmoth pollination of this species is highly efficient. The pollen production values for Lysiana subfalcata, Acanthus ilicifolius, and Sesuvium portulacastrum are within the observed range of insect-polli- nated species of the Rhizophoraceae, but considerably below the bird-pollinated species of the Rhizophoraceae. The high pollen production and pollen/ovule ratio of Sonneratia alba are much higher than expected for a moth-pollinated species; however, this species apparently depends on bats, birds, or wind for pollination in other parts of its range (Backer and van Steenis, 1951). This content downloaded from 136.154.23.253 on Tue, 11 Jul 2023 03:20:53 +00:00 All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 353 2 OLbT SIL 00S‘r 76 OLE ret «OSL €L9Z 000°88S — JOMO]4 O/d sulein OCC JOMO|4 SgINAC ped In|F SUUM {Uld SHUM JoJO7) IaMO| poonpod ae S3[NAO OU ‘d}BUIWIOJOPUL, Seq AIBAO O} SIOYJUL WIOIJ DOURISIPy JUPITCIJ SI JOMOLJ OY} JB} SOIVOIPUL, Se ql qOt (ww) YyIsUus] oqny [e1o[ IBIION IBOON pIBION (4e190u) Ue][Od plBPON] Jur} -ORINY spllg isI9IIO “Spsig SUJOULYMPH saaq |[PUIS SYJOWU MPH 10JeUl]]Od AIBULIg eye “SNV “A [eoldol | BIS -[esny [eoIdol | eyesny seq [eoidory ue} -I]OdOUWISO7) Ssoidody ueeIISNY 29 PIIOM PIO uOHINqIsiq Sool] SOAOIB -UPW UO oyAydidy SOAOIBUPU ul Ado -UBd-qns “pIeMpuUry Sospd SAOIZUPLU soyoeog $1e[J Pues SOAOIZUPLU pIemess yeyqey [eoidA | qnius OnIS -B1ed qniys Jews qniys 3ul -[MbIdS qJoy AYSso]f J01]. WqeH 3e90 -PY]UPIOT av20 -eUUBDY avd -PUdQIOA, =) 352 @) -BOZIY avd00l] -PIQUUOS AJTUUB J DUI} -IDUI “ASS D]DO ~/D{QNS DUDISAT SHI] -Of1DI]1 SNY]UDIP AuAdU! wWiNAp -Uapo.a],) winA|SDID|NjAOd UINIANSAS Dq]D DIIDIIUUOS Sa1d0dS ‘SIDads [BJSBOD SAT] JO SONSIID}IOVIEUD ?7 AIAVL This content downloaded from 136.154.23 .253 on Tue, 11 Jul 2023 03:20:53 +00:00 All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 354 DISCUSSION Due to the unstable nature of mangrove and beach vegetation, new areas are constantly being colonized and old habitats destroyed. Initial colonization will often be by a single seed floating in sea water. As a result, mechanisms can be expected which promote out-crossing with its associated genetic advantages, in established populations, but at the same time allow fruit set in isolated individuals. The most important such mechanism in shore line species appears to be protandry, whereby the pollen in a flower is shed before the stigma becomes receptive. Protandry promotes out-crossing by preventing individual flowers from self-pollinating, though flowers on the same plant may pollinate each other. Partial or complete protandry is found in Sesuvium portulacastrum, Clerodendrum inerme, and Acanthus ilicifolius, and in three other common mangrove trees, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera exaristata, and Lum- nitzera racemosa (Tomlinson et al., 1978; Tomlinson et al, 1979). While the sample size is not large, the presence of protandry in six out of the eight species studied indi- cates the importance of protandry as an out-breeding mechanism for coastal associ- ated species. | Morphological adaptations of the flower which prevent self-pollination, generally a physical separation of the anthers and the stigma, are found in Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius, and Lysiana subfaicata. Every one of the five species in this study has some obvious mechanism to prevent self-pollination of individual flowers though the flowers are perfect. However, fruit set is 66% or higher in plants’ of Sesuvium portulacastrum, Sonneratia alba, Lysiana subfalcata, and Acanthus ilicifolius. This high fruit set, despite mechanisms which prevent self-pollination in individual flowers, strongly suggests that these plants are self-compatible. Geitonogamy would allow fruit set in isolated colonizing plants. As populations increased to the high den- sity characteristic of many mangrove species, the percentage of fruits resulting from geitonogamous pollinations would decrease as pollen was increasingly transferred between adjacent plants by the pollinators. However, the real measure of degree of out-crossing in coastal species must come from studies of the extent of self-incom- patibility. In the present study, visits have been too short to permit the necessary artificial pollination, bagging, and emasculation techniques which are needed to pro- vide unequivocal evidence for out-crossing. This research approach is the next logical step to the results presented here. There is variation both among species and among populations within species of Sonneratia for the presence or absence of petals, the time of day the flowers open, and the color of the petals and stamens. These differences may be adaptations to the local pollinating fauna. Plants with red flowers which open during the day may be adapted to bird pollination, while plants with white flowers which open at night may be adapted to moth or bat pollination. Adaptations to bird, hawkmoth, and bee pollination were evident in this group of mangrove-associated plant species. This wide range of adaptations is comparable to the divergence in flower types associated with different pollinators found within the mangrove community itself in the Rhizophoraceae (Tomlinson et a/., 1979) and the genus Lumnitzera (Tomlinson et al, 1978). This research has indicated that each mangrove species shows a distinctive floral morphology and has a particular relation- ship to the pollinating fauna. These pollination studies only hint at the complexity of animal-plant ‘interactions in tropical coastal communities which will be revealed by further investigation. 355 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Logistical support for this project was provided by the Australian Institute of Marine Science; Dr. John Bunt assisted directly with many aspects. Priscilla Fawcett, Botanical Illustrator at the Fairchild Tropical Garden, prepared the line drawings. REFERENCES BACKER, C.A. 1951. Aizoaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. I. Vol. 4: 267-275. BACKER, C.A. & C.G.G.J. VAN STEENIS. 1951. Sonneratiaceae. Flora Malesiana, Ser. 1, Vol. 4: 280-289. BarLow, B.A. 1966. A revision of the Loranthaceae of Australia and New Zealand, Aust. J. Bot. 14: 421- 499 CRUDEN, R.W. 1977. Pollen-ovule ratios: A conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants. Evolution 31: 32-46. Guppy, H.B. 1906. Observations of a naturalist in the Pacific between 1896 and 1899. II. Plant Dispersal. Macmillan & Co., London. Macnaek, W. 1968. A general account of the fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forests in the Indo- West-Pacific region. Advances in Marine Biol. 6: 73-270. PERCIVAL, M. & J.S. WoMERSLEY. 1975. Floristics and Ecology of the Mangrove Vegetation of Papua New Guinea. The Wilke Group, Brisbane. PRIMACK, R.B. & P.B. TOMLINSON. 1978. Sugar secretions from the buds of Rhizophora. Biotropica 10: 74-75. RaBinowiTz, D. 1978. Dispersal patterns of mangrove propagules. Biotropica 10: 47-57. TomMLINSon, P.B., J. BUNT, R.B. PRIMACK & N. DUKE. 1978. Lumnitzera rosea (Combretaceae) — its status and floral morphology. J. Arnold Arbor. 59: 342-351. . TOMLINSON, P.B., R.B. PRIMACK & J.S. Bunt. 1979. Preliminary observations on floral biology in mangrove Rhizophoraceae. Biotropica; 11: 256-277. 356 Austrobaileya | (4): 356-371 (1981) AN ANALYSIS OF THE AUSTRALIAN GRASS FLORA By B.K. Simon Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Summary The grass flora of Australia is analysed by several different methods complemented by 6 figures and 15 tables. Native and naturalized exotic entities are given equal treatment and comparisons between the floras of each state are enumerated. Taxonomic breakdowns and comparisons for each state are given at tribal and informal sub-family groupings. Reasons are suggested for the data where possible. The recently published check-list of Australian grasses (Simon, 1978) provided an incentive to analyse the data in this list along the lines outlined by a recent analysis of the flora of Victoria (Ross, 1976). Although the distributional data in the check-list is given on a state basis, it is realized that a more meaningful analysis would have been obtained had the geographical areas been based on the lines of topography, vegetation types, climate, soils and other general ecological factors as has been recently attempted at generic rank (Clifford & Simon, 1981). However, although political boundaries are in most cases artificial they are unambiguous, and are con- sidered useful demarcations for the present analysis to be undertaken. The check-list deals only with Australian native and naturalized grasses, atiouet distribution of these grasses into New Guinea was also indicated, in the check-list. TABLE 3: Proportional representation of the grass flora of each state and of Australia. (Figures shown as native taxa/naturalized exotic taxa), Tribes Genera Entities N.S.W. 26(21/5) 149(98/51) 636(418/218) Vic. 24(19/5) 111(60/51) 382(229/153) Tas. 21(16/5) 75(35/40) 239(421/118) NT. 24(23/1) 99(92/7) 462 (419/43) S.A, 2117/4) 114(69/45) 352(232/120) W.A. 24(20/4) 138(91/47) 541 (373/168) Qld. 28(25/3) 155(124/31) 779(610/169) Australia 33(27/6) 209(148/61) 1299 (976/323) The proportional representation of the grass flora of each state (Table 3) reveals Queensland to have the richest flora at tribal, generic and entity* rank. In terms of the representation of the native flora Queensiand again rates highest at tribal, generic and entity rank. The naturalized exotic flora are best represented in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania at tribal rank, in New South Wales and Victoria at generic rank and in New South Wales at entity rank. However, in terms of the proportion of naturalized exotics to natives, Tasmania has the highest proportion at tribal, generic and entity rank with the Northern Territory having the lowest. Table 4 shows these proportions in terms of percentage for entities and also shows the percentage of the Australian total for the native and naturalized exotic entities. From the figures it is seen that Queensland is best represented in terms of the native flora and New South Wales in terms of the exotic flora, with Tasmania and the Northern Territory rating last in terms of the native and exotic flora, respectively. * Throughout this paper the term entity is used to include both species and infra-specific taxa as I consider the placing of a taxon at a particular rank to be arbitrary for the purpose of a broad floristic analysis such as this. 357 TABLE 4: Percentage of native and naturalized exotic entities in each state, and Australia and percentage of the Australian total of native and naturalized entities for each state. % native . % naturalized % of Australian % of Australian natives naturalized exotics N.S.W. 65.8 34.2 42.7 67,7 Vic. 59.9 40,1 23.4 47.5 ~ Tas. 50.6 49.4 12.4 36.6 N.T. 90.7 9.3 47.8 13.4 S.A. 659 34.] 23.7 37.3 W.A. 68.9 31.1 38.1 52.2 Qld. 78.3 21.7 62.4 52.5 Australia 75,2 24.8 When the density of grasses for each state is examined (Table 5) it is seen there is almost an inverse correlation between size of area under consideration and density, the smaller the area the greater the density. The relationship between area and species number is always of this pattern (Williams, 1964) and a more meaningful interpeta- tion on flora richness is obtained when entity number is plotted against area (Figs 17 and 18), with both the numbers and areas on a logarithmic scale. A straight line of best fit shows the mean measure of ‘flora richness’ for the whole country and the value for each state can be assessed with relation to this line. Plots are given for both the total (Fig. 17) and native (Fig. 18) floras and from them it can be seen how simi- lar the two graphs are and deduced that when the exotic flora is added to the native flora the-richness of the flora is increased proportionately for each state. The one exception is the Northern Territory where the value lies above the mean value for the native grasses but below for all the grasses. This is because of the low number of exotics in the Northern Territory in relation to the relatively high number in the other states. In general Queensland and New South Wales have rich floras relative to their size, Northern Territory, Victoria and Tasmania floras of average richness, and the floras of Western Australia and South Australia are relatively poor. Queensland and New South Wales owe their richness to both states having good seasonal rainfall with the area in common to both (the MacPherson-Macleay the overlap) (Burbidge, 1960) receiving rain at all times of the year. The paucity of the Western Australian and South Australian grass floras is directly correlated to the low average rainfall for each state and the corresponding large areas of desert. TABLES: Density of grass entities for each state and Australia (Figures given for native and for all entities) Area (km2) No.ofentities Density (entities/ No. of entities Density (entities/ (Native) 10,000 km?) (AlD 10,000 km?) N.S.W. 804,000 418 5.2 636 7.9 Vic. 227,600 229 10.1 382 16.8 Tas. 67,800 121 17.8 239 35.3 N.T, 1,346,200 419 3.1 462 3.4 S.A. —-- 984,000 232 2.4 352 3.6 W.A. 2,525,500 373 1.5 54] 2.1 Qld. 1,727,200 610 3.5 779 4.5 Australia 7,682,300 976 13 1299 17 358 NO. OF ENTITIES 200 404 108 107 AREA (km?) Figure 17 Relation between area and number of entities (native and naturalized exotic), each on a log. scale, in Australian states. 1,000 600 300 NO. OF ENTITIES 10 AREA (km?) Figure 18. Relation between area and native entities, each on a log. scale, in Australian states. Tables 6 and 7 show a comparison between the floras of the Australian states with respect to each other, Table 6 giving the number of entities in common between the states and Table 7 transposing these values to a Czekanowski Coefficient of similarity (Czekanowski, 1913). Three values are given in each comparison, one for native entities, one for naturalized exotic entities and one for all entities. Fig. 19 shows the coefficients of the total floras arranged in decreasing order together with the values for the natives and naturalized exotics arranged in the same order. In terms of the total and native values the highest eight values are for states adjacent to each other, six of them being wholly or partially within temperate to subtropical latitudes and two being wholly or partially in tropical latitudes. The high figures for the tem- perature to subtropical adjacent states are due mainly to the large naturalized exotic component of the floras whereas the high correlation between the adjacent tropical 359 states (Qld. — N.T.; N.T. — W.A.) can be attributed mainly to the native compo- nent. In general the greater the latitude between states the larger the difference bet- ween the floras whereas those of a similar latitude show a closer correlation even though they may not have a common border. An example of these two correlations is shown by the low correlation between the Northern Territory and adjacent South Australia compared to the fairly high correlation between non-adjacent Queensland and Western Australia. Another generalization from Fig. 19 is that whenever the native coefficient is above the value for the total flora the naturalized exotic compo- nent is below the total value and vice versa. < Qo - Hn > & < ns en a = = 2 = ! a o = a a 1 c-4 $ 5 o I << CG 2 Ww oS, 215 27 29 7 = § » Gs Fe zaeek S. = & . z = > 2 - > > i 0: --@ “ ; . : * o. z 5 5°) F < ." ‘ Pag ve . | 5 . i, ) | =. q a Uv . z : e = Y « fe * * ry a wo - +] 0-6 3 . :, z 5 | : : & wt es ae ; "s, z 2 is E ia ont 4 ? a 3 05 . : : bE = nen io re a $ oe u i > ! Oo us 6 9 O o4 tt . pie > * : Mw : ‘ nw 7 : > 03 Yd) C-4 ba Ww N oO 0.2 —_ Total Native *s fe bat tt Naturalized exotic ‘e 0-1 9) Figure 19. Coefficients of similarity (Czekanowski) of the grass floras of, Australian states with respect to each other. The nature of both endemic and widespread distribution of entities is revealed by the examination of Tables 8 and 9. In terms of total number, Queensland has by far the largest number of endemics due to a large native component and rivals Western Australia in the percentage representation of the total number of endemics*. In terms of the native flora alone however, Western Australia has the highest percentage of endemic entities. * When the term endemic is applied to naturalized exotic entities endemism is considered only with respect to the geographical areas under consideration in this paper, as an entity being a naturalized exotic naturally implies its native occurrence is geographically outside the area discussed in this paper. 360 TABLE 6: Number of entities in common between Australian states. N.S.W, Vic. Tas. N.T. S.A. W.A. 188 Vict. 130 318 85 98 Tas. 0 9 95 183 193 143 46 10 NUT, 31 i? 9 174 63 19 161 132 57 114 S.A. 106 103 PA 19 267 235 134 133 151 90 36 243 154 W.A, 132 105 8l 32 100 283 195 117 274 254 288 103 38 327 144 237 Qld. 126 77 60 40 74 109 4i4 180 98 367 218 346 Normal Print = Native ltalic Print = Naturalized Exotic Underlined Print = Total When widespread entities are considered (Table 9) only longitudinal spread is examined as it was previously shown there is little merging of the temperate and tro- pical flora in terms of floristic composition. Widespread entities within temperate Australia are considered with and without the inclusion of Tasmania. It is seen that there is a far higher correlation between the floras of the tropical areas than those of the temperate areas, particularly of the native flora where 21.5 percent of the entities have a widespread distribution in a band across tropical Australia. This contrasts with a low 3.2 percent of the natives being widespread in temperate Australia, including Tasmania. Such a disjunction in the south is due to the Miocene marine incursion in the Nullabor region, whereas no such barrier existed in the north (Laseron, 1955). When the naturalized exotic widespread entities are examined the converse situation exists with 21.1 percent being widespread in the south (over half if Tasmania is excluded) and only 10 percent in the north. This can be attributed directly to man- deed pasture introductions having been far more active in temperate than tropical ustralia. Tables 10 to 13 and Figs 20 to 22 give a taxonomic break-up of the entities for each state and Australia. Tables 10 and 11 deal with the entities grouped into the tribes used in the check-list, Table 10 giving the actual entity number and Table 11 giving the conversion of these numbers to percentages. Due to the conflicting nature of contemporary grass classification at a tribal level (Prat, 1960; Pilger, 1954; Hub- bard, 1973) it was thought that graphic representation of taxonomic divisions would 361 be more meaningful if more loosely defined taxonomic groupings along the lines demarcated by Clifford and Watson (1977) were used. The groupings used differ slightly from those of Clifford and Watson and are given in Table 14. The actual entity number for these groupings are shown in Table 12, with Table 13 giving the percentages and Figs 20 to 22 giving the diagrammatic representation of these percen- tages. TABLE 7: Coefficients of similarity (Czekanowski) of the grass floras of Australian states. N'S.W, Vic. Tas. N.T. S.A. W.A., 581 Vic. 700 625 315 560 Tas. 377 701 416 622 342 142 037 N.T. 238 174 112 317 149 054 495 573 323 350 S.A, 627 755 647 233 541 640 454 327 382 299 146 614 509 W.A. 684 654 566 303 694 48) 423 300 548 569 560 245 104 635 342 482 Qld. 651 478 418 377 512 647 585 310 192 591 385 524 Normal Print = Native ftalic Print = Naturalized Exotic Underlined Print = Total TABLE 8: Endemic entities of each Australian state Natives Naturalized Total % Natives % Naturalized % Total exotics ~ exotics N.S.W. 38 28 66 9.1 12.8 10.4 Vic. 7 11 18 3.1 7.2 47 Tas. 19 12 31 | Rane 10.2 13.0 N.T. 55 I 56 13.1 2.3 12.1 S.A. 16 3 19 6.9 2.5 5.4 W.A, 66 19 85 17.7 11.3 15.7 Qld. 99 23 122 16.2 13.6 15,7 362 TABLE 9; Widespread entities in Tropical and Temperate Australia Tropical W.A. - NT. - Qld. N.S.W, - Vic. - Tas. - S.A. - W.A, Temperate N.S.W. - Vic. - S.A, - W.A. Natives 210 31 76 Naturalised Total exotics 32 68 90 242 99 166 % Australian % Australian natives 21.5 3.2 78 naturalized exotics 10.0 24.1 S16 TABLE 10: Numbers of entities in each State and Australia grouped according to tribe. (Figures shown as native entities/naturalized exotic entities). N.S.W. Agrostideae 59/13 Andropogoneae 36/10 Aristideae 31/0 Arundineae 1/2 Arundinelleae 1/0 Aveneae 6/19 Bambuseae 0/1 Brachypodieae 0/1 Bromeae 1/20 ‘Centosteceae 0/0 Chlorideae 14/5 Danthonieae 40/2 Ehrharteae 0/4 Eragostideae 45/15 Garnotieae 0/0 Isachneae 1/0 Leptureae 0/0 Maydeae 1/1 Melinideae | 0/2 Micraireae 0/0 Monermeae 0/4 Nardeae 0/0 Oryzeae 2/1 Paniceae 91/60 Pappophoreae 9/0 Phalarideae 6/9 Phareae 0/0 Poeae 34/31 Spartineae 0/0 Sporoboleae 9/2 Stipeae 24/5 Triticeae 4/11 Zoysieae 3/0 TOTAL 418/218 229/153 Vic. 41/15 10/1 3/0 1/1 0/0 5/20 0/0 0/1 1/13 0/0 5/2 33/3 0/4 17/4 0/0 1/0 0/0 0/0 0/1 0/0 0/4 0/0 0/1 25/25 2/0 8/7 0/0 37/32 0/2 4/] 30/3 3/13 3/0 Tas. 34/14 4/0 0/0 1/2 0/0 4/16 6/0 0/2 1/9 0/0 1/0 23/1 0/2 2/2 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/2 0/1 0/0 5/14 0/0 1i/7 0/0 18/29 6/2 1/1 11/2 3/12 2/0 N.T. 1/0 84/4 31/0 2/0 2/0 0/1 1/0 0/0 0/1 0/0 19/5 44/0 0/0 90/6 0/0 5/0 2/0 2/0 0/1 7/0 0/0 0/0 3/1 97/20 15/0 0/0 0/0 0/2 0/0 9/0 3/0 0/2 2/0 121/118 419/43 S.A. 17/12 16/2 9/0 2/2 0/0 3/12 0/0 0/1 1/7 0/0 10/2 27/4 0/4 35/7 0/0 1/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/4 0/0 0/0 37/20 8/0 2/5 0/0 17/27 0/1 1/1 36/1 1/8 3/0 232/120 373/168 610/169 W.A. 14/15 56/9 15/0 2/2 1/0 1/18 0/0 0/1 1/7 0/0 16/4 49/4 0/7 78/4 0/0 0/0 0/0 3/0 0/2 0/0 0/2 0/0 1/1 73/46 10/0 2/8 0/0 12/27 0/0 6/2 30/1 1/8 2/0 Qld. 16/7 112/14 61/0 2/1 4/0 2/9 2/0 0/0 1/7 3/0 26/7 43/0 0/2 103/14 1/0 4/0 3/0 3/0 0/2 1/0 0/0 0/0 3/1 163/68 17/0 3/7 1/0 6/20 0/0 15/3 8/0 3/7 4/0 Australia 76/21 129/18 66/0 2/3 4/0 8/27 3/1 0/2 1/23 3/0 30/10 107/5 0/8 157/13 1/0 5/0 4/0 3/1 0/2 8/0 0/5 0/1 4/2 188/85 20/0 15/10 1/0 55/45 0/3 16/5 62/5 4/20 4/0 976/315 TABLE 11: Percentage representation in each State and Australia of the entities (grouped according to tribe), expressed as a percentage of the total for the state or country. (Figures shown as native entities/ naturalized exotic entities). Agrostideae Andropogoneae Aristideae Arundineae Arundinelleae Aveneae Bambuseae Brachypodieae Bromeae Centosteceae Chlorideae Danthonieae Ehrharteae Eragrostideae Garnotieae Isachneae Leptureae Maydeae Melinideae Micraireae Monermeae Nardeae Oryzeae Paniceae Pappophoreae Phalarideae Phareae Poeae Spartineae Sporoboleae Stipeae Triticeae Zoysieae Total N.S.W. 14.1/6.0 8.6/4.6 7.4/0 0.2/0.9 0.2/0 1.4/8.7 0/0.5 0/0.5 0.2/9.2 0/0 3.3/2.3 . 9.6/0.9 0/18 10.8/6.9 0/0 0.2/0 0/0 0.2/0.5 0/0.9 0/0 0/1.8 0/0 0.5/0.5 21.8/27.5 2.2/0 1.4/4.1 0/0 8.1/14.2 0/0 2.2/0.9 5.7/2.3 1.0/5.0 0.7/0 100/100 Vic. 17.9/9.8 4.4/0.7 1.3/0 0.4/0.7 0/0 2.2/13.1 0/0 0/0.7 0.4/8.5 0/0 2.2/1.3 14.4/2.0 0/2.6 7.4/2.6 0/0 0.4/0 0/0 0/0 0/0.7 0/0 0/2.6 0/0 0/0.7 10.9/16.3 0.9/0 3.5/4.6 0/0 16.2/20.9 0/1.3 1.7/0.7 13.1/2.0 1.3/8.5 1.3/0 100/100 Tas. 28.1/11.9 3.3/0 0/0 0.8/1.7 0/0 3.3/13.6 0/0 0/1.7 0.8/7.6 0/0 0.8/0 19.0/0.8 0/1.7 1.7/1.7 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/1.7 0/0.8 0/0 4.1/11.9 0/0 9.1/5.9 0/0 14.9/24.6 0/1.7 0.8/0.8 9.1/1.7. 2.5/10.2 1.7/0 100/100 N.T. 0.2/0 20.0/9.3 7.4/0 0.5/0 0.5/0 0/2.3 0.2/0 0/0 0/2.3 0/0 4.5/11.6 10.5/0 0/0 21.5/14.0 0/0 1.2/0 0.5/0 0.5/0 0/2.3 1.7/0 0/0 0/0 0.7/2.3 23,2/46.5 3.6/0 0/0 0/0 0/4.6 0/0 2.1/0 0.7/0 0/4.6 0.5/0 100/100 S.A. 7.2/10.0 6.9/1.7 3.9/0 0.9/1.7 0/0 1.3/10.0 0/0 0/0.8 0.4/5.8 0/0 4.3/1.7 11.6/3.3 0/3 14.7/5.8 0/0 0.4/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/>.3 0/0 0/0 15,9/16.7 3.5/0 0.9/4.2 0/0 7.3/22.5 0/0.8 3.0/0.8 15.5/0.8 0.4/6.7 1.3/0 100/100 W.A. 3.8/8.9 15.0/5.4 4.0/0 0.5/1.2 0.3/0 0.3/10.7 0/0 0/0.6 0.3/4.2 0/0 4.3/2.4 13.1/2.4 0/4.2 20.9/2.4 0/0 0/0 0/0 0.8/0 0/1.2 0/0 0/1.2 0/0 0.3/0.6 19.6/27.4 2.7/0 0.5/4.8 0/0 3.2/16.1 0/0 1.6/1.2 8.0/0.6 0.3/4.8 0.5/0 100/100 Qld. 2.6/4.1 18.4/8.3 10.0/0 0.3/0.6 0.7/0 0.3/5.3 0.3/0 0/0 0.2/4.1 0.5/0 4.3/4.1 7.1/0 0/1.2 16.9/8.3 9.2/0 0.7/0 0.5/0 0.5/0.3 0/1.2 0.2/0 0/0 0/0 0.5/0.6 26.7/40,2 2.8/0 0.5/4.1 0.2/0 1.0/11.8 0/0 2.5/1.8 1.6/0 0.5/4.1 0.7/0 100/100 Australia 7.8/6.7 13.2/5.7 6.8/0 0.2/1.0 0.4/0 0.8/8.6 0.3/0.3 0/0.6 0.1/7.3 0.3/0 3.1/3.2 11.0/1.6 0/2.5 16.1/4.1 0.1/0 0.5/0 0.4/0 0.3/0.3 0/0.6 0.8/0 0/1.6 0/0.3 0.4/0.6 19.3/27.0 2.1/0 1.5/3.2 0.1/0 5.6/14.3 0/1.0 1.6/1.6 6.4/1.6 0.4/6.3 0.4/0 100/100 C9 364 In each of the diagrams the taxonomic groupings are placed in the same order Starting at a line running due east from the centre of the circle and proceeding seg- mentally in an anti-clockwise direction in the sequence pooid, andropogonoid, panicoid (strictly eu-panicoid), aristidoid, chloridoid, arundinoid, bambusoid, oryzoid, centostecoid, danthonioid, stipoid, residue. The native and exotic floras will be discussed separately. Within the native floras the pooids, danthonioids and stipoids can be said to represent the temperate element of the flora, and the andropogonoids to centostecoids the tropical element. As would be expected the temperate element becomes better represented the more temperate climate of the state becomes, result- ing in a high of almost 85 percent for Tasmania to a low of 11.4 percent for the North- ern Territory. Even the latter figure appears too high for a state almost wholly within the tropics but this is due to a placing of Eriachhe amongst the danthonioids whereas the morphology and phytogeography of this genus suggest its affinities probably lie outside the Danthonieae. The significant temperate representation for Western Austra‘ia is due to the south-west corner flora, and for Queensland the flora of por- tion o the MacPherson-Macleay overlap (Burbidge, 1960). TABLE 12: Numbers of entities in each state and Australia grouped according to the taxonomic groupings in Table 14 (Figures shown as native entities/naturalized exotic entities). NS.W. Vic. Tas. N.T, S.A. W.A. Qld. Australia Pooid 110/108 95/105 71/91 1/6 41/76 31/86 31/57 = 159/153 Andropogonoid 37/11 10/1 4/0 86/4 16/2 59/9 115/14 =: 132/19 Panicoid 92/62 26/26 5/14 102/21 38/20 73/48 167/70 9192/87 Aristidoid 31/0 3/0 0/0 31/6 9/0 15/0 61/0 66/0 Chloridoid “H22 ~~ 31/9 6/5 137/11 63/11 112/10 168/24 231/31 Arundinoid 2/2 i/t 1/2 4/0 2/2 3/2 7/1 8/3 Bambusoid 0/1 0/0 0/0 1/0 0/0 0/0 3/0 4/1 Oryzoid 2/1 0/1 0/0 3/1 0/0 1/1 3/1 4/2 Centostecoid 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 3/0 3/0 Danthonioid 40/2 33/3 23/1 44/0 27/4 49/4 43/0 107/5 Stipoid 24/5 30/3 11/2 3/0 36/1 30/1 8/0 62/5 Residue 0/4 0/4 0/3 7/0 0/4 0/7 1/2 8/9 Total 418/218 229/153 121/118 419/43 232/120 373/168 610/169 976/315 TABLE 13: Percentage representation in each state of the entities (grouped according to the taxonomic groupings in Table 14), expressed as a percentage of the total for the state or country. (Figures shown as entities/native/ naturalized exotic entities). NS.W. Vic. Tas. N.T. S.A. W.A. Qld. Australia Pooid 26.3/49.5 41.5/68.6 58.7/77.1 0.2/14.0 17.7/63.3 8.3/51.2 5.1/33.7 16.3/47.4 Andropogonoid 8.9/5.1 4.4/0.7 3.3/0 205/93 6.9/1.7 15,8/5.4 18.9/8.3 13.5/5.9 Panicoid 22.0/28.4 11.4/17.0 4.2/11.9 24.3/48.9 16.4/16.7 19.6/28.6 27.4/41.4 19.7/26.9 Aristidoid 7.4/0 1.3/0 0/0 7.4/0 3.9/0 40/0 10.0/0 6.8/0 Chioridoid 19.1/10.1 13.5/5.9 5.0/4.2 32.7/25.6 27.2/9.2 30.0/5.9 27.6/14.2 23.7/12.1 Arundinoid 0.5/0.9 0.4/0.7 0.8/1.7 = 1.0/0 0.9/1.7 0.8/1.2 1.1/0.6 0.8/0.9 Bambusoid 0/0.5 0/0 0/0 0.2/0 0/0 0/0 0.5/0 0.4/0.3 Oryzoid 0.5/0.5 0/0.7 0/0 0.7/2.3 0/0 0.3/0.6 0.5/0.6 0.4/0.6 Centostecoid 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 0.5/0 0.3/0 Danthonioid 9.6/0.9 14.4/2.0 16.6/0.8 10.5/0 11.6/3.3 13.1/2.4 7.0/0 11.0/1.5 Stipoid 5.7/2.3 13.1/2.0 9.1/1.7 0.7/0 15.5/0.8 8.0/0.6 1.3/0 6.4/1.5 Residue 0/1.8 0/2.6 0/2.5 1.7/6 0/3.3 0/4.2 0.2/1.2 0.8/2.8 TOTAL 100/100 100/100 100/100 100/100 100/100 100/100 100/100 100/100 365 The tropical element will be discussed mainly with reference to the major groups, namely andropogonoids, panicoids, aristidoids and chloridoids. The andropogonoids have their best percentage representation in Northern Territory (20.5 percent), Queensland (18.9 percent) and Western Australia (15.8 percent); these include areas with a monsoon climate (high summer rain, no winter rain), and the first two, having a greater proportion of their territory influenced by a monsoon climate, have the higher figures. These observations concur with those previously stated for species distribution (Hartley, 1958a). The panicoids are best represented in Queensland (27.4 percent), the Northern Territor 604.3 percent), New South Wales (22.0 percent), Western Australia (19.6 percent), and South Australia (16.4 per- cent). According to Hartley (1958b) this group is best represented at species level in regions of high winter temperatures and high annual rainfall and generally speaking this applies to most of the areas considered. The chloridoids have their best represen- tation in the Northern Territory (32.7 percent), Western Australia (30.0 percent), Queensland (27.6 percent), South Australia (27.2 percent) and New South Wales (19.1 percent) while the aristidoids, which are sometimes linked together with the chloridoids, are best represented in the same states, although in a different order — Queensland (10 percent), Northern Territory (7.4 percent), New South Wales (7.4 percent), Western Australia (4.0 percent), and South Australia (3.9 percent). The distribution of these groups agrees largely with the contention (Hartley and Slater. 1960) that they occur in areas of high aridity, high winter temperatures and summer or non-seasonal rainfall. The Eremean zone, where the chloridoids and aristidoids mainly occur, rates well in all these attributes. The much higher figure for the aristidoids for Queensland than for other states indicates possibly that more species of Aristida (the only aristidoid genus) are represented in less arid areas than representa- tives of the chloridoids in general. The occurrence of certain moisture preferring species of Aristida has been shown to exist in South Africa (De Winter, 1965). When the taxonomic breakup of the exotic flora is examined it is seen that the pooids account for by far the majority of the entities in the temperate states and are even fairly well represented in the tropical states. This results from the high propor- tion of introductions from Europe since settlement. The panicoids and chloridoids are TABLE 14: Taxonomic Groupings of Australian Grasses. Pooid Agrostideae Aveneae Brachypodieae Bromeae Monermeae Phalarideae Poeae Triticeae Andropogonoid Andropogoneae Maydeae Panicoid Isachmeae Melinideae Paniceae Aristidoid Aristideae Chloridoid Chlorideae Eragrostideae Leptureae Pappophoreae Spartineae Sporoboleae Zoysieae Arundinoid Arundineae Arundinelleae Garnotteae Bambusoid Bambuseae Phareae . Oryzoid Oryzeae Centostecoid Centosteceae | Danthonioid Danthonieae Stipoid Stipeae Residue Ehrharteae Micraireae Nardeae These groups are basically those of Clifford and Watson (1977) with the following exceptions. 1. Chionoachne (Maydeae) is assigned to the andropogonoids from the (eu-) panicoids. 2. Notechioe, Plagiochloa (Desmaziera), and Spartochioa (Poeae), Microlaena and Tetrarrhena (Phalarideae) are assigned to the pooids from the danthonioids and residue respectively.-3. Plecrracnne and Triodia (Eragrostideae) are assigned to the chloridoids from the danthonioids, 4. Amphipogon, Diplopogon, Elytrophorus (Danthonieae) are assigned to the danthonioids from the aristidoids, residue and chloridoids respectively. 5. Cortaderia (Arundineae) is assigned to the arundinoids from the danthonioids. 366 better represented the more tropical the state. Other groupings represented in the states are shown in Figs. 20 to 22. The genera in Australia with the largest number of entities are listed in order of numerical importance in Table 15, with figures in brackets representing the number of naturalized exotics. If the exotics are taken out the relative positions of some genera are changed somewhat and only 42 of the 56 genera in Table 15 would have 5 or more entities. TABLE 15: Synopsis of genera with 5 or more entities listed in order of numerical importance. (Naturalized exotics in brackets) Eragrostis 71 13) Bothridchloa 10 (2) Aristida 64 Cenchrus 10 (8) Stipa 63 (3) Cymbopogon 9 Eriachne 46 Ischaemum 9 Panicum 46 (14) Echinopogon 9 Poa 45 (7) Agropyron 9 (7) Triodia 44 Lolium 9 (9) Danthonia 38 (1) Phalaris 9 (9) Digitaria 38 (8) Enteropogon 8 Deyeuxia 37 Micraira 8 Agrostis 28 (5) Ehrharta 8 (8) Brachiaria 26 (7) Hordeum 8 (8) Bromus 24 (23) Amphibromus 7 Paspalidium 23 Schizachyrium 7 Sorghum 21 (7) Tetrarrhena 7 Enneapogon 20 Thaumastochloa 7 Sporobolus 20 (4) Leptochloa 7 @) Ectrosia 18 Avena 7 (7) Iseilema 18 Chrysopogon 6 Setaria 18 (10) Eriochloa 6 Plectrachne 16 Heterachne 6 Echinochloa 15 (8) Cynodon 6 (3) Paspalum 15 (10) Urochloa 6 (6) Festuca 14 (5) Brachyachne 5 Amphipogon 13 Oplismenus 5 Chioris 12 (5) Hyparrhenia 5 -Q) Pennisetum 12 (9) Aira 5 (5) Dichanthium 10 (1) Vulpia 5 (5) The tribes with more than one percent of the total number of entities are listed in order of numerical importance in Table 16. The number of genera in these tribes is also shown in the table, but follows no rigid sequence as tribe position is chosen by the numerical order of the entities. The Paniceae is by far the largest tribe with 21 per- cent of the total followed by the Eragrostideae and the Andropogoneae with 13.8 per- cent and 11.3 percent respectively. These three tribes comprise just under half (46.1 percent) of the total. If the tribes are arranged in the order of number of genera the sequence is altered significantly with the Eragrostideae falling from second to fourth place and the Poeae elevated from fifth to third place. The Eragrostideae in fact drop their percentage representation of the total by approximately a half, and this is due to their genera being on average larger ‘than those of the Paniceae and the Andropogoneae. In the Aristideae the figure is 90 percent smaller due to there being only one genus Aristida with a large number of species. Table 17 shows the proportion of native entities to naturalized exotic entities for those tribes with more than one percent of the total number of entities. The tribes are listed in order of the numerical importance of native entities. The sequence of tribes 367 considering only natives is similar to the sequence of tribes when natives and exotics are considered together (Table 16) for the first four tribes but the sequence after that differs somewhat. The Poeae fall from fifth to eighth position because of the high number of naturalized entities. Three tribes — the Aristideae, the Pappophoreae and the Micraireae are represented only by native entities and four others — the Eragrostideae, the Andropogoneae, the Danthonieae and the Stipeae have more than 85 percent of their totals represented by natives. In conrast, three tribes (Aveneae — 78.4 percent, Triticeae — 83.3 percent, Bromeae — 96 percent) are represented by high proportions of exotic entities. TABLE 16: Synopsis of the tribes whose entities, both native and naturalized exotic, comprise more than 1 percent of the total! number, listed in order of numerical importance, together with the number of genera in each tribe. TRIBE NO. OF PERCENT NO. OF PERCENT ENTITIES ENTITIES GENERA GENERA Paniceae 272 21.0 4\ 19,5 Eragrostideae 175 13.5 15 71 Andropogoneae 147 11.3 37 17.6 Danthonieae 112 8.6 13 6.2 Poeae 100 17 17 8.1 Agrostideae 98 75 14 6.7 Stipeae 66 5.1 4 1.9 Aristideae 64 49 l 0.5 Chlorideae 40 3.1 9 43 Aveneae 37 2.9 12 5.7 Phalarideae 25 1.9 5 2.4 Triticeae 24 1.8 5 2.4 Bromeae 24 1.8 l 0,5 Sporoboleae 21 1.6 2 1.0 Pappophoreae 20 1,5 ] 0.5 TABLE 17: Synopsis of the tribes with more than | percent of the total number of entities showing the proportion of native and naturalized exotic entities within each tribe, the tribes listed in order of numerical importance of the native entities. TRIBE NO. OF PERCENT NO. OF PERCENT OF NATIVE NATIVE NATURALIZED NATURALIZED ENTITIES ENTITIES EXOTIC EXOTIC ENTITIES ENTITIES Paniceae 187 68.8 85 31.2 Eragrostideae 154 88.0 21 12.0 Andropogoneae 130 88.4 17 11.6 Danthonieae 107 95.5 5 4.5 Agrostideae 76 77.6 22 22.4 Aristideae 64 100.0 0 0.0 Stipeae 61 92.4 5 7.6 Poeae 55 55.0 45 45.0 Chlorideae 30 75.0 10 25.0 Pappophoreae 20 100.0 0 0.0 Sporoboleae 16 76.2 5 23.8 Phalarideae 15 60.0 10 40.0 Aveneae ~ 8 21.6 29 78.4 Micraireae 8 100.0 0 0.0 Triticeae 4 16.7 20 83.3 Bromeae 1 4.0 23 96.0 368 Records are being constantly added to and corrections made to the Australian check-list and since publication a few pages of addenda and corrigenda have accumu- lated. However, the figures given in this analysis strictly pertain to the contents of the list as published and as such they are, following the check-list, of a preliminary nature and will be updated when the taxonomy has been more thoroughly researched. Acknowledgments T extend my grateful thanks to Dr. R.W. Johnson, Director, Botany Branch, for his ever ready assistance in formulating FORTRAN programmes used in the analysis of data. I am also most grateful to Mr. K.M. Rosenthal of Development Planning Branch for FORTRAN assistance given in the compilation of Figs 20 to 22. References Bureipce, N.T. (1960). The phytogeography of the Australian region. Aust. J, Bot, 8: 75-212. CLIFFORD, H.T. & SIMON, B.K. (1981). The PiGheG pra nay of Australian grasses. pp 537-554, in Keast, A. (Ed.), Biogeography and Ecology in Australia. W. Junk, The Hague. CLIFFORD, HT. & WATSON, L. (1977). Identifying Grasses. Brisbane : University Press. CZEKANOWSKI, J. (1913). ‘Zarys Metod Statystyeznck.’ E. Wendego, Warsaw; see also on cient of racial likeness’ and ‘Durchschnittliche Differenz.’ Anthropol, ANZ. 9: 227-249 (1932), De Winter, B. (1965). The South African Stipeae and Aristideae. Bothatia. 8 : 201 -404. HARTLEY, W, (1958a). Studies on the origin, evolution, and distribution of the Gramineae. I. The tribe Andropogoneae. Aust, /, Bot. 6: -128. Harty, W. (1958b). Studies on the origin, evolution, and distribution of the Gramineae. II. The tribe Paniceae. Aust. /. Bot. 6 : 343-357. HarTLey, W. & SLATER, C. (1960). Studies on the origin, evolution, and distribution of the Gramineae. II], The tribes of the sub-family Eragrostoideae. Aust. /. Bot. 8 : 256-276. HupparD, C.E, (1973). Gramineae in Willis, J.C., revised Airy Shaw, H.K., A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns, 8th Edition. Cambridge University Press. PAseROn C.F. (1955). Ancient Australia. Melbourne : Angus and Robertson. Pitcer, R. (1954). Das system der Gramineae. Bor. Jair. 76: 281-384. PRAT, H. (1960). Vers une classification naturelle des Graminées, Bull Hs Bot. Fr., 107: 32-79. Ross, J.H. (1976). An analysis of the flora of Victoria. Muefferia. 3: 169-176 Simon, B.K. (1978). A preliminary check-list of Australian grasses. Botany Branch, Queensland Depart- ment of Primary Industries, Technical Bulletin 3. WILLIAMS, C.B. (1964). Patterns in the balance of Nature. London : Academic Press. 369 Pooid Panicoid Andropogonocid eee ees Sane Danthonioid . iG ~—Oryzoid Danthonioid Aristidoid — Chloridoid Bambusoid “Arundinoid Chloridoid “hl oryzeid ' “Arundinoid NOWANETIVE NSHHEX@T IC Parsi.coid Stipoid Danthoniocid : oryzoid sf ha es panthonioid © “™ Arundinoid Aristidoid Panicoid Andropogonoid Arundinoid VIE-NATIVE VIC-EX@TIC yc Petpet . Se ar, Danthonioid Se —— Danthonicid _- Arundinoid Arundi noid THRE TAS-EXOTIC Figure 20. Proportional representation of native and naturalized exotic taxonomic groupings of grasses for New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. 370 Andropogoncid Aristidoid Chloridoid Chloridoid Oryzoid Bambusoid Arundinoid NT -NATIVE NT -EXBTIC Chloridoid — Stipoid — Panicojd 4rundinoid Andropogonoid Danthonoid Arundinoid SA -NATIVE SA -EXBTIC ; Andropogonoid Panicoid pod Aristidoid ; Andropogoncid Chloridoia tipoid a -Danthonioid Danthonioid —Arundinoid ‘ Ooryzoid Arundinoid KB ATIVE KA -D@TIC Figure 21. Proportional representation of native and naturalized exotic taxonomic groupings of grasses for Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. 37] Panicoid - thy, _-Residue Panicoid oryzoid Aristidoid Arundinoid Chloridcid Chloridoid Arundinoid OLO-NATIVE QD-Peric Andropogonoid Panicoid Andropogonoid Aristidoid Panicoid Danthonioid Chioridoid Chloridoid Oryzoid Bambusoid AYrundinoid Centostecoid AUS-NAT IVE Arundinoid ALS-EXBTIC Figure 22, Proportional representation of native and naturalized exotic taxonomic groupings of grasses for Queensland and Australia. 372 Austrobaileya | (4): 372-375 (1981) NOTES ON THE GENUS HOMORANTHUS (MYRTACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA By N.B. Byrnes Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Summary Three new species of Homorantius, H. papillatus, H. decasetus and H. tropicus are described and a key to the species in the genus is given. Notes on the salient characteristics of the genus and each species with some notes on distribution are included. The genus Homoranthus is not a clearly defined natural group but is more a genus of convenience intermediate between Darwinia and Verticordia. This was first discussed by Bentham (1869) when in the section on Homoranthus.in his notes on Myrtaceae he stated “‘Its retention may, however, be justified as facilitating the dis- tinction between Darwinia and Verticordia.”’ Cheel (1922) discussed the status of Darwinia, Homoranthus, Rylstonea and Ver- ticordia giving the history of the origin of each of the genera and morphology of the groups. As a result of this study he united the genus Rylstonea with Homoranthus and transferred two species of Verticordia (V. darwinioides and V. wilhelmii) to Homoranthus. This transfer of species enabled a more natural separation of Verticordia from Darwinia and Homoranthus based on calyx shape. Since Cheel’s paper no one has advanced a more precise segregation of the genera. Chromosome numbers for three species of Homoranthus are given as n = 9 by Smith- White (1954) in a paper which included the same haploid number for some species of Verticordia and Darwinia. Two of the three species described here under Homoranthus are additional exam- ples in the continuum between Darwinia and Verticordia particularly in respect of the appendages of the calyx lobes. With the study of additional species to be referred to Homoranthus in this paper, the characters found most useful for separating the genera are given in the following key. Calyx tube hemispherical, lobes deeply divided into subulate, plumose or ciliate processes. ... Verticordia Calyx tube cylindrical or urceolate, each lobe with a single subulate process or digitately divided into 2— 10 $US SES ost cxcin ay ssceyn Pasciegeiars rues Plzioeedullld ety toiny dvticde i baivhed gia Renereab aude unsvadlpn nrrasteicgeatinets bid eiacbvylhnghetsprpiPabiaou deel Homoranthis Calyx tube cylindrical, lobes broad, entire or shortly ciliate... hs ACR irtien eee a wae. Darwinia Homoranthus Cunn. ex Schau. Shrubs erect or spreading. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate or almost sessile, linear, triangular or terete, usually laterally compressed. Inflorescences various. Bracts usually similar to leaves but commonly smaller, sometimes scale-like. Brac- teoles 2, concave, sometimes with a keel ending in a short point. Floral tube cylindri- cal or urceolate, the lower part adnate to the ovary and with 5 distinct longitudinal ridges, upper part free, thin, usually smooth, persistent. Calyx lobes 5, with 1—10 elongated processes on each lobe. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10; filaments linear; anthers globular, dehiscing by pores. Staminodes 10, alternating with stamens. Style exceeding the perianth, bearing a ring of hairs below the apex. Ovary unilocular with 2—10 ovules borne on a basal placenta. 373 Type species. H. virgatus Cunn. ex Schau. Bentham in effect nominated this as ne ape species when he reduced the genus to a single species in Fl. Aust. .3:16 la Calyx with two elongated hair-like processes on each lobe... ccc ccececesseeectesceeeseees 4. H. decasetits Ib Calyx with only one elongated hair-like process on each lODG.... ccc ecccccessccccscesseesssseesuvsceesecasetens 2 Ic Calyx with 3-10 elongated hairlike processes On each lObeG......c ce ccccccssecsessessesssessseceeetasesssersaseeeensaes 4 2a Leaves densely covered with very short trichomes.......0..0ccccccseccceesserseeecaeereeees 3, H. papillanis 2b TSS RENTS I ar BR Piste eed ey Th enny Soa aee Ren alls taster veld oateaaaed cop leap mesharnacveanersDeeuntdeq Tene yrehteanestleuan 3 3a Style exceeding petals by more than 4 mm, shrub usually spreading............ Danseivns uae 2. H. flavescens 3b Style exceeding petals by less than 3 mm, shrub erect... ccc eeecseeesesecsseerecercessnens 1. H. virgatus 4a Flowers borne in pairs on axillary peduncles... ccc cee ceceescrseeeeseee vets 5. H. darwinioides 4b Flowers borne in leafy racemes, heads or panicleS......0..0cccccccesecccsesecseessecesecssevessveareceneeseeeses 5 Sa Hair-like processes 3~6 on each calyx lobes: petals OVate.... cc cccecessescseseveeesceessereees 6. H. withelmii Sb Hair-like processes 5—10 on each calyx lobe; petals broadly obovate or orbicular......... 7. H. tropicius 1. Homoranthus virgatus Cunn ex Schau., Myrt. Xeroc. 41 (1842). Although Bentham (1866) combined this species with H. favescens, the two are distinct entities and grow in different habitats. H. virgatus is an erect virgate shrub with leaves not as conspicuously punctate as H. flavescens and the flowers have shorter styles. This species is usually confined in its distribution to the sandstone, sandhills or ‘“‘wallum’’ complexes along the coastal fringe from Shoalwater Bay, Queensland to Taree, New South Wales. One collection (Hando 114) is from Gurulmundi, Darling Downs district. 2. Homoranthus flavescens Cunn. ex Schau., Myrt. Xeroc. 40 (1842). In habit the species occurs as a spreading glaucous shrubs rarely erect often attaining a diameter exceeding 1 m yet being less than 40 cms high. It is found in a variety of soils on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range from near Chinchilla, Queensland to the Liverpool Range in New South Wales. 3. Homoranthus papillatus N. Byrnes sp. nov. affinis H. virgato Cunn. ex Schau. et H. flavesci Cunn. ex Schau. sed foliis papillatis differt. Typus: McDonald 1623. Frutex compactus, ad 2 m altus. Folia opposita, petiolis brevissimis, linearia, falcata, trigona, 0.6—1.2 cm longa, ca 1 mm lata et crassa, acuta vel acuminata, glauca, punctata (plerumque obscura); epidermis papillata. Flores solitarii in axillas superas foliorum in pedicellos 1—2 mm longos. Bracteolae alabastrum includentes, ad 5 mm longae, scariosae, caducae. Calycis tubus 4 mm longus, | mm diam., glaber, nitidus, laevis, manifeste 5—costatus. Calycis lobi subulati, ad 3 mm longi. Petala orbiculata, ca 1 mm diam. Stamina 10, filamentis ca 0.5 mm longis. Staminodia 10, ca 0.5 mm longa. Stylus 6—9 mm longus. Ovarium untloculare, placentione basilari, ovulis 8—10. Fructus siccus, flori similis, seminis ]—2 alatis. Shrub compact to 2 m high. Leaves opposite, very shortly petiolate, linear, fal- cate, trigonous, 0.6—1.2 cm long, about | mm wide and thick, acute or acuminate, punctate (sometimes obscure) with a papillate epidermis. Flowers solitary in the upper leaf axils on pedicels 1—2 mm long. Bracteoles enclosing the flower buds, to 5 mm long, scarious, caducous. Calyx tube 4 mm long, 1 mm diam, glabrous, shiny, smooth, distinctly 5-ribbed. Calyx lobes subulate to 3 mm long. Petals orbicular, about | mm diam. Stamens 10 with filaments about 0.5 mm long. Staminodes 10 about 0.5 mm long. Style 6—9 mm long. Ovary unilocular containing 8—10 ovules borne ona basal placenta. Fruit dry, similar to the flower containing 1-2 winged seeds. Queensland. DarLING Downs District: Mt Norman, Girraween National Park, Sep 1976, McDonald 1623 (holo, BRI: iso, CANB, K, NSW, L. MEL); Nov 1944, Clemens (BRD, Oct 1959, Hender- son (BRI), Jun 1962, Sep 1963, Dec 1970, Hockings (BRI), Oct 1970, Ryan (BRI), Nov 1971, Blake 23712 (BRI), Sep 1975, Stanley and Sharpe (BRD. . 374 Range. This species apparently has a very restricted range as all collections and sightings of the plant have been in the Girraween National Park area. Habitat. This plant occurs in shallow gritty soils in crevices and flat areas among granite boulders. Its restricted range and its similarity to H. virgatus and H. flavescens has con- tributed to this species being overlooked till quite recently. The outer walls of the cells of the epidermis of leaves, pedicels and branches are raised into projections of various shapes, mostly as very short hairs. These projections are dense and can readily be seen with the aid of a lens. These structures enable this species to be recognised even when sterile. In addition, plants of H. papillatus are usually more compact and glaucous than other members of the genus. 4, Homoranthus decasetus N. Byrnes sp. nov. affinis H. virgato Cunn. ex Schau. sed tubo calyis urceolata et lobis calycis differt. Typus: Olsen and Byrnes 3546, Frutex ad 2 m altus, Folia opposita breviter petiolata, clavata, teretia, falcata, breviter apiculata, ad 12 mm longa, ca | mm lata, punctata. Flores unici ad apicem ramulorum axillorium brevium. Bracteolae caducae, alabastrum juvenam includentes, ad 3 mm longae, carina in acumen distinctum desinens. Tubus calycis urceolatus, costis 5 prominentibus infra medium. Lobi calycis unusquisque 2 {raro 3) processibus subulatis ad 4 mm longis. Petala orbicularia, ca 2 mm diam. Stamina et staminodia uterque 10,alternantia ca 1 mm longa prope basin connata, affixa ad calycem ad basim. Stylus 14—18 mm longus. Ovarium ca 2 mm Jongum, uniloculare, placenta secunda, ovulis 8. Fructus siccus, flori simili sed leviter grandioris, semine solitario alato. Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, clavate, terete, falcate, shortly apiculate, to 12 mm long, about 1 mm wide, punctate (barely visible to naked eye). Flowers solitary at the tips of short axillary branches. Bracteoles to 3 mm long enclosing the young flower buds and each with a keel ending in a short point, caducous. Calyx tube urceolate, strongly 5 ribbed below the middle. Calyx lobes each with 2 (rarely 3) subulate processes to 4 mm long. Petals orbicular, about 2 mm diam. Stamens and staminodes 10 of each, alternating, about 1 mm long, connate below and attached to the base of the calyx lobes. Style 14—18 mm long. Ovary about 2 mm long, unilocular with 8 ovules on a secund placenta. Fruit dry, similar to the flower but slightly enlarged and containing a single winged seed. Queensland. LEICHHARDT District: Isla Gorge, May 1977, Olsen and Byrnes 3547 & 3546 (holo, BRI, iso, CANB, NSW, Mel, K, P), Sep 1968, Everist 8037 (BRI), Apr 1971, Hockings (BRI). Range. This species is apparently confined to Isla Gorge and its vicinity. Habitat. The plants are found on shallow soils in areas of dissected sandstone. The flowers of this species are distinct from those of other members of the genus by being noticeably constricted above the middle, having two processes on each calyx lobe and by being borne singly and erectly at the end of short branchlets. Exposure to direct sunlight causes the flowers to change from white to red. 5, Homers Seino’ (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 922). Verticordia darwinioides Maiden & Betche, J. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 3:17 (1898). Rylstonea cernua R.T. Baker, J. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 3:768 (1898). This species occurs as a slender glabrous shrub characterised by its distinctive pendulous inflorescences, each consisting of two flowers on an axillary peduncle. The bracteoles are more persistent in this species than those of other members of the genus. It has been collected on the Great Dividing Range and Central Western Slopes of NSW between Putty and Dubbo. 375 6. Homoranthus wilhelmii (F. Muell.) Cheel, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54:77 (1922). Verticordia wilhelmii F. Mueil. Trans. Vic. Inst. 122 (1855). This species occurs as a slender erect shrub with dense terminal leafy corymbs. Each ‘calyx lobes has 3—6 (usually 5) setae. It is restricted to the area from the southern part of Eyre Peninsula to Streaky Bay in South Australia. 7. Homoranthus tropicus N. Byrnes sp. nov. affinis H. wilhelmii (F. Muell,) Cheel sed petalo late obovato et sepalis ferentes plus projecturas differt. Typus: Byrnes 3359, Frutex ad | m altus. Folia opposita, lateraliter compressa, clavata, falcata, apiculata, basi petiolo breve angustata, 4—8 mm longa, ca 0.5 mm lata, punctata. Flores albi, axillares in pedicellos 0.5—1.5 mm longos. Bracteolae 1—~ 1.5 mm longae, carina in acumen breve desinens, caducae. Tubus calycis ad 4 mm longus distincte S-angulatus. Lobi calycis palmati projecturis 5—10 longis et angustis. Petala integra, late obovata vel fere circulares; ca 2 mm longa. Stamina et staminodi 2—3 mm longa, per ultra 7/3 longitudinalis in tubum connata. Stylus ad 7 mm longus, tomentellus apicem versus. Ovarium uniloculare, Monae basalis ovulis 8-10 ad latus unum affixa. Fructus in calyce leviter acto contentus, semine solitario O80, Shrub to 1 m high. Leaves opposite, laterally compressed, clavate, falcate, apicu- late, at the base tapering into a short petiole, 4—8 mm long, about 0.5 mm wide, punctate. Flowers white, on pedicels 0.5—1.5 mm long. Bracteoles 1—1.5 mm long, each with a keel ending in a short point, caducous. Calyx tube to 4 mm long with five distinct angles. Calyx lobes 3—4 mm long, palmately lobed, each with 5—10 long narrow projections. Petals entire, broadly obovate to nearly circular about 2 mm long. Stamens and staminodes 2—3 mm long, fused into a tube for more than 2/3 of their length. Style to 7 mm long with minute stiff hairs below the apex. Ovary unilocular containing 8—10 ovules borne on one side of a basal placenta. Fruit contained in the slightly enlarged calyx, with a single spherical seed. Queensland. Cook District: Laura sandstone area north of Laura R. near Early Man site, May 1975, Byrnes 3359 (holo, BRI; iso, CANB, K, NSW); near Laura R., Aug 1974, Byrnes 3078 (BRD; 10 miles from Laura towards Lakeland Downs, Jun 1972, Wrigley and Telford NQ 1470 (NSW): Garden Ck (Little Laura R.), Feb 1978, Hinton 89 (BRI). Range. This species is represented by only four collections all from sandstone areas near Laura. Further collections are likely to be made from other sites in the extensive sandstone formations in this area. Habitat. This species grows in shallow sandy soils in areas near cliffs and on eroded creek banks. Of all the species of Homoranthus, H. tropicus has the largest number of setae on the calyx lobes. This character associated with the broader petals are the principal differences between this species and the closely related H. wilhelmii. H.. tropicus is not common in the area from where collections have been made. References Baker, R.T. (1898) Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 23:768. BENTHAM, G. (1866) FI, Aust. 3:15. BENTHAM, G. (1869) J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 10:129. BLACK, J. M. (1952) FI. Sth. Aust. 663. CHEEL, E. (1922) J. Proc. Royal Soc. N.S.W. 54:62. MAIDEN, J.H. & Bercue, E. (1899) Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.W. 24:645, SMITH- WHITE, S. (1954) Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 79:21. SCHAUER, J.C. (1842) Mono. Myrt. Xeroc, (191) 39. 376 Austrobaileya 1 (4): 376-379 (1981) NOTES ON LEGUMINOSAE. II. By L. Pedley Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Summary Abarema sapindoides (Cunn. ex Sweet) Kosterm. is: an illegitimate name. Its correct name is Pithecellobaum priuinosum Cunn. ex Benth. The species of Pithecellobaim that occur in Queensland are enumerated. The number of ovules does not clearly distinguish A tplosia Wight & Arn. from Rhynchosia Lour. The two genera are redefined in terms of presence or absence of a rim-aril and of a septate pod. Nomismia Wight & Arn. is recognised to include species not referrable to the other two genera. The combination Nomismia rhomboidea based on Rhynchosia rhomboidea F. Muell. ex Benth. is made. Mirbelia viminalis (Cunn. ex Benth.) C.A. Gardner is recorded from Queensland. MIMOSOIDEAE PITHECELLOBIUM MART. ‘In recent years many authors (for example, Beadle et a/, (1972), Beadle (1976) ) have followed Kostermans (1954) in referring Australian species previously referred to Pithecellobitum to Abarema Pittier. While examining these species for the forthcom- ing ‘“Handbook to the Flora of South-eastern Queensland”’ | found that there were unsolved taxonomic and nomenclatural problems, particularly in Pithecellobium prutnosum. Abarema sapindoides (Cunn. ex Sweet) Kosterm., a name in general use, is based on Acacia sapindoides Cunn. ex Sweet which is a name without description and therefore invalid. The first validly published name for the species seems to be Pithecellobium pruinosum Benth., which has never been correctly transferred to Abarema. In the light of recent taxonomic work such a transfer is not now warranted. Nielsen (1979) critically examined generic limits of the Asian Ingeae. The genera he recognized are broader than those recognized by Kostermans (op. cit.) but nar- rower than those of Bentham (1875). He stated that he ‘‘followed an intermediate course in referring the Asian-Malesian Ingeae with opposite leaflets, uniform flowers, seeds without aril and pleurogram to the genus Archidendron whereas the Ingeae with opposite leaflets, flowers in heads, heteromorphic flowers...., seeds without aril but with pleurogram are referred to the genus A /bizia’’. As Abarema tra- pezifolia (Vahl) Pittier, the lectotype of Abarema (Cowan 1959), has dimorphic flowers, Nielsen considered that Old World species of Pithecellobitim referred to Abarema by Kostermans had been wrongly placed. Most of them will have to be transferred to Archidendron. Pithecellobjum pruinosum Benth. has however some unusual features. Its leaflets are alternately arranged along the rhachilla and at the base of each there is a small but conspicuous gland. Its seeds have a pleurogram. The latter character would exclude it from Archidendron as Nielsen defined it but he (in litt. 1979) stated: ‘‘Pithecellobium pruinosum is causing ... some trouble.... . But it will probably go to Archidendron’”’. It would be inappropriate to describe new taxa or to make new combinations until Nielsen’s work is finished. The following species occurring in south-eastern Queensland are therefore retained in Pithecellobium. 377 Pithecellobium grandiflorum Sol. ex Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:424 (1864). P. tozeri F. Muell., Fragm. Phytog. Aust. 5:10 (1865). Albizia tozeri (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Trimen J. Bot. 10:10 (1872). Abarema grandiflora (Sol. ex Benth.) Kosterm., Organiz. Scient. Res. Indonesia Bull. 20:34 (1954). Pithecellobium hendersonii F. Muell., Fragm. Phytog. Aust. 5:191 (1866). Albizia hendersonii (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Trimen J. Bot. 10:10 (1872). ean (F, Muell.) Kosterm., Organiz. Scient. Res. Indonesia Bull. ; 4). Pithecellobium lovelliae F.M. Bailey, Qd Dept. Ag. Bot. Bull. 8:74 (1893). Abarema lovelliae (F.M. Bailey) Kosterm., Organiz. Scient. Res. Indonesia Bull. 20:35 (1954). Pithecellobium muelleranum (Maiden & R.T. Baker) Maiden & Betche, Census N.S.W. Plants 89 (1916). (eon) muellerana Maiden & R.T. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 10 (2nd ser.) :585 Abarema muellerana (Maiden & R.T. Baker) Kosterm., Adansonia 6:369 (1966). Maiden & Baker accepted Mueller’s broad concept of Albizia and described P. muelleranum as an Albizia. Maiden & Betche appear to have been the first to refer the species to Pithecellobium. Pithecellobium pruinosum Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 3:211 (1844). Acacia sapindoides Cunn. ex Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed 3. 198 (1839), nomen. Pithecellobium sapindoides Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:276 (1926). Abarema sapindoides Kosterm., Organiz. Scient. Res. Indonesia Bull. 20:38 (1954). Abarema pruinosa K.A.W. Williams, Native Plants of Queensland (1979) nom. invalidum. Williams who was aware of the problems associated with P. pruinosum was advised to use the name Abarema pruinosa in anticipation of the combination being made. Nielsen’s work has made the combination unnecessary, but his results were published too late for Williams to alter the name. PAPILIONOIDEAE ATYLOSIA WIGHT & ARN. While revising species of Alosia in Australia (Reynolds & Pedley 1980) it became evident that limits of the genera of the tribe Cajaneae (Hutchinson 1964) were not well defined. The problem ts not restricted to Australia, but a solution applicable to Australia taxa only was sought. Its application to a wider geographic area will have to be tested by workers on the Asian and African floras. Atylosia, a genus of about 35 species (Hutchinson op. cit.) is usually dis- tinguished in keys from the more widely ranging and larger genus Rfynchosia Lour. (ca 200 species, Gillett et a/, 1971) by the number of ovules: Rhynchosia 2 (rarely 1), Atylosia 4 or more (Bentham & Hooker 1865, Merrill 1910, Hutchinson op. cit., Gillett ef ai, op. cit.). Hutchinson placed Atpylosia under “‘ovules 4 or more” in his key but he described it as having 3-many ovules. Bentham (1864) recognised the close affinity of the two genera as can be seen by his notes to Atylosia marmorata Benth., A. scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. and Rhynchosia acutifolia F. Muell. ex Benth. Though there is difficulty in separating some Australian species of Rhynchosia from species of Atylosia, R. volubilis Lour. (the type species) and A. trinervia (DC.) 378 Gamble (A. candollei Wight & Arn., the lectotype species) do appear to belong to different genera. The number of ovules is an unsatisfactory character for distinguish- ing the genera, but attributes of pods and seeds seem to provide more satisfactory dis- tinctions. If characters of pods and seeds are used to distinguish the genera then the taxonomy of Wight and Arnott proves to be reasonably acceptable and the names of only a few species will be affected. The genera can be redefined as follows: Rhynchosia Lour, Type species: R. volsbilis Lour. Ovules (1—)2; pods (1—)2-seeded without a partition between the seeds, valves without distinct transverse reticulate veins; seeds without a distinct fleshy rim aril. Atylosia Wight & Arn. Lectotype species: A. trinervia (DC.) Gamble Ovules 2—many; pods 2—many-seeded with distinct partitions between the seeds, and valves with transverse or oblique lines, but not reticulate veins; seeds with a fleshy rim aril. When A plosia is defined in this way then Rhynchosia subgenus Phyllomata Wight & Arn. and Rhynchosia subgenus Ptychocentrum Wight & Arn., both with only a few species, must be referred to Atylosia. A few species have seeds with thick rim-arils but their pods do not have septa between the seeds. In characters of seeds and pods they are somewhat intermediate between Atylosia and Rhynchosia. Their pods, unlike those of Atylosiaand Rhynchosia, are strongly transversely veined and they may be referred to Nomismia Wight & Arn. Nomismia Wight & Arn. Lectotype species: N. nummularia Wight & Arn. Ovules |—2:; pods compressed, + orbicular, 1—2-seeded strongly transversely veined; seeds with a large fleshy rim aril. Though the pods of Atvlosia platycarpa has pods described as transversely reticu- late they are distinctly depressed between the seeds and it and other species of Atylosia section Rhynchosioides should remain in Atylosia. The position of other species is less certain. Rhynchosia monophylla Schlecht. which was referred to Rhynchosia section Nomismia by Gillett et a/, has a distinct rim aril but its pod is like that of Rhynchosia rather than either Nomismia or A tylosia. The redefinition of Atylosia and Rhynchosia results in the transfer of Rhynchosia acutifolia F. Muell. ex Benth. to Atylosia (see Reynolds & Pedley 1981) and R. rhom- boidea F, Muell. ex Benth. to Nomismia. Nomismia rhomboidea (F. Muell!l. ex Benth.) Pedley, comb. nov. Based on Rhynchosia rhomboidea F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:265 (1864). Type: Victoria River, Oct 1855, Mueller (K, holo). Western Australia, 22 miles [35 km] N of “Nicholson” Stn, Jui 1949, Perry 2380 (K); Ord River Dam, 16°07’S. 128°44’E, Jun 1974, Latz 5443. Northern Territory. 16 miles 26 km] WSW of “Victoria River Downs” Stn, Jun 1949, Perry 2103 (BRI, K). Rhynchosia rostrata Benth. has the aspect of Atylosia cinerea but I have seen only the type (K) which lacks pods. Its position is therefore doubtful. The solution to the problem of generic limits presented here is acceptable when Australian species are considered by may not be applicable throughout the ranges of Atylosia, Rhynchosia and Nomismia. Atylosia, Cajanus, Dunbaria and Rhynchosia are closely interrelated and further studies in the tribe are called for. For this reason I have not made any formal transfers of non-Australian taxa. 3719 MIRBELIA SMITH Mirbelia viminalis (Cunn. ex Benth.) C.A. Gardner, Enum. Plant. Aust. Occident. a eee on Jacksonia viminalis Cunn. ex Benth., Ann. Wien. Mus. 75 (1839), : Oxycladium semiseptatum F. Muell., J. Bot. & Kew Gard. Miscell. 9:20 (1857). Mirbelia oxycladum F. Muell., Fragm. Phytog. Aust. 4:12 (1863); Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:38 (1864): F.M. Bailey, Qd Flora 2:340 (1900) nom. illeg, Based on Oxycladium semiseptatum. BurKE District: ‘‘Barkly Downs’, May 1975, Glasgow (ICT). Mrtcuect District: Burra Range, between Pentland and Torrens Creek, Jun 1971, Birch (ICT). SourH KENNEDY District: ‘‘ faemas”’ Stn, S. of Cape River, 21°14’S 146°24’E, Sep 1977, Williams 77202. ‘*Mirtna’’ Stn, S. of Cape River Sep 1977, . Jackes (ICT). Bailey’s inclusion of Mirbelia viminalis (as M. oxyclada) in ‘“‘The Queensland Flora” was justified though it has only recently been collected in Queensland, a con- siderable distance from its nearest known collecting locality in the Northern Ter- ritory. It is easily distinguished from all other Queensland species of Mirbelia as it is the only leafless representative of the genus found in the state. REFERENCES BEADLE, N.C.W. (1976). Students Flora of North Eastern New South Wales. Part HI. Armidalé, N.S.W..: University of New England. BEADLE, N.C.W., O.D. Evans, & R.C. CaroLin (1972). Flora of the Sydney Region. Sydney: A.H. & A.W. BENTHAM, G. (1864). Flora Australiensis, vol. 2. London: Reeve & Co, . BENTHAM, G. (1875). Revision of the suborder Mimoseae. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30:335-664. ae . PERCAAN & J.D. Hooker (1867) Genera Plantarum Vol. 1. London: Reeve & Co., Williams & Norg- COWAN, R s (1959). Leguminosae of the Western Hemisphere. Taxon 8:58-60. GILLETT, J.B., R.M. POLHILL & B. VERDCOURT (1971). Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae in E. Milne- Redhead &R.M. Polhill (ed.): Flora of Tropical East Africa. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments. KOSTERMANS, A.J.G.H. (1954). A monograph of the Asiatic, Malaysian, Australian and Pacific species of Mimosaceae, formerly included in Pithecolobium Mart. Organiz. Scient. Res. Indonesia Bull. 20. MERRILL, E.D. (1910). An enumeration of Philippine Leguminosae. Philip. J. Sci. 5:1-136. NIELSEN, P. (1979). Notes on he genera Archidendron F. v Mueller and Pithecellobium Martius in mainland .E. Asia. Adansonia 19:3-37. REYNOLDS, SALLY T, & L, PEDLEY (1981). A revision of Atlosia Wight & Arn. (Leguminosae) in Australia. Austrobaileya \ (4): 420-428. VeRpDcouRT, B. (1977). New taxa of Leguminosae from New Guinea. Kew Bulletin 32:225-251. 380 Austrobaileya | (4): 380-384 (1981) NOTES ON QUEENSLAND ORCHIDACEAE, 2 By P.S. Lavarack National Parks and Wildlife Service of Queensland, Brisbane Summary Two new species of Orchidaceae from Cape York Peninsula are described. These are Cadetia collinsi P. Lavarack sp. nov. and Malaxis fimbriata P. Lavarack sp. nov. Peristvius banfieldii (F.M. Bail.). P. Lavarack is anew combination based on Habenaria banfieldii F.M. Bail. Habenaria anomala Dockrill is a synonym of H. xanthantha F. Muell. and H. ovoidea R.S. Rogers & C.T. White is a synonym of Peristylus candidus J.J. Smith. In the following, the type specimen has been cited only where it has been by the author. Peristylus banfieldii (F.M. Bail.) P. Lavarack, comb. nov. Habenaria banfieldii F.M. Bail., Qd Agric. J. 16:564 (1906); F.M. Bail., Comp. Cat. Qld. Plants:539, fig. 528. Type: North Kennedy District: Dunk Island, BRI 008612. Until recently this species which was known only from the ‘type’ collection was placed in the genus Habenaria. Recent published work as exemplified by that of Seidenfaden (1977) has tended to confirm the existence of Peristylus as a separate generic entity. According to Seidenfaden the genus is characterized by ‘an erect ovary rising close to the rachis, the caudicles of the pollinia very short without protruding protecting the cas of the anthers.... spur is shorter than the ovary and most often reduced to a more or less globular sac shorter than the petals’. Recently the author made a collection of this species near Mareeba (Cook Dis- trict: Ckewko, about 10 km south west of Mareeba, Ist Aug. 1979, Lavarack 3001, BRI 080730). This species is closely related to P. goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl., differ- ing in the smaller flowers and in the absence of a clearly defined triangular nectary at the entrance to the spur. It was possible to record some of the data missing from the type specimen: Flowering period (for the Mareeba population) January — March. Habitat: perma- nently wet soil beside a small creek, in full sun. The plants have an oblong tuber 3—4 x 2—3 cm. Peristylus candidus J.J. Sm., Fi. Buitenz. 6:36, Fig. 18 (1905); Seidenfaden, Orch. Genera in Thailand V: 60; Fig. 30 (1977). Habenaria sumatrana (Schltr.) Schitr., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 45, Beibl. 104:3 (1911); eee Fl. Malaya 1:88, Fig 14a (1957); Dockrill, Aust. Indig. Orchids 1:50, 51 Habenaria ovoidea R.S. Rogers & C.T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 32:140-141 (1921); Dockrill, Aust. Indig. Orchis 1:32-33 (1969), syn. nov. Type: BRI 058344. Careful comparison of the type of H. ovoidea with fresh material collected near Cardwell (Lavarack 3010; BRI 246783) and with the description and figures of Peristylus candidus by J.J. Smith-and with the excellent figure quoted above by Seidenfaden have satisfied the present author that H. ovoidea is identical with P. candidus. Habenaria xanthantha F. Muell., Fragm. Phyt. Aust. 7:16 (1869); Benth., Fl. Aust. 6:395 (1873): F.M. Bail., Qd. Flora 5:1591 (1902), Dockrill, Aust. Indig. Orchids 1:31-35 (1969); Rogers & White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd. 32:137-139 (1921). Type: MEL 89790-4, 38] Habenaria anomala Dockr., Orchadian 1:150-1 (1965); Aust. Indig. Orchids 1:30- 31 (1969), syn. nov. Type: BRI 060247. Dockrill (1969) made the comment in reference to H. anomala ‘It is possible that it may prove to be merely a form of H. xanthantha F. Muell.’ Some recent collec- tions made near Cardwell in north Queensland have, in the opinion of the present author, confirmed this. A large population growing near Sunday Creek was examined and some plants fitting both the species in question were discovered. All the plants examined had very similar column structure but differences in the relative length of the stigmatophores were present. On careful examination of several inflorescences it was noted that these structures lengthen with age. Apart from this difference in the column, petals, sepals and vegetative parts of all plants collected were identical. The _labellum varied with respect to the spur and the lateral lobes. All plants studied had a broad labellum of about constant length (3 x 7 mm). The spur ranged from totally absent to about 5 mm long with several specimens having a spur 0.5—1 mm in length. The length of the spur varied on individual flowers on a single plant, in one case 3 flowers had a small but definite spur while the other flower had no spur, The lateral lobes varied from long to short or absent with much variation evident among the flowers on each inflorescence. Most of the flowers studied matched the description of Hf. xanthantha F. Muell. well except that in several cases the spur was 4 or 5 mm long instead of the stated 1— 2 mm. One plant and one flower on another plant agreed well with the description of H. anomala Dockr. Some of the flowers seemed half-way pee the descriptions of the two taxa as the spur was present, but only 0.5 mm long. (It is absent in H. anomala ). A careful comparison of the types of H. anomala and H. xanthantha indicated very little difference other than in the previously mentioned features of the labellum and spur. Both of these specimens would fit within the range of variation noted in the Cardwell specimens. The presence of intermediate plants and flowers and the overall similarity of all plants studied (including the types) have lead to the conclusion that all the specimens observed represent one species, variable only in the labellum. This being the case, H7. anomala Dockr. becomes a synonym of H. xanthantha F. Muell. Cadetia collinsii P. Lavarack, species nova. - Planta epiphytica, caules 6—18 x 1.5—2.5 mm: folia ovata usque lanceolata 1]—22 x 5—10 mm emarginata, bractea floralis 2 mm longa. Pedicelius circa 3 mm longus, ovarium 1.5 mm longum pilis con- fertis carnosis circa 0.5 mm longis obtectum. Sepala ovata alba 3 x 2.5 mm, petala linearia alba; labellum saccatum oblongum album 3—4 x 1.5—2°mm indistincte 3—lobatum calcari circa | mm longo: columna erecta 1.5—2 x 1—1.5 mm dentibus duobus prominentibus integris apiculibus pilis longis confertis carnosis. Typus: Cook District: Rocky River, Cape York Peninsula, 13°47’'S 143°21'E, Sep 1975, Lavarack 1742 (BRI 244120, holotype). Plant epiphytic forming small dense clumps. Stems 6--18 x 1.5—2.5 mm, con- sisting largely of a single internode, often enclosed for about half the length by the Temains of a sheathing bract. Leaves 11—22 x 5—10 mm, ovate to lanceolate, emarginate, narrowing at the base to form a short petiole about 2 mm long. Flowers borne singly at the apex of the stem, floral bract about 2 mm long. Pedicel 3 mm long, ovary about I.5 mm long covered with dense fleshy hairs about 0.5 mm long. Sepals ovate, white, 3 x 2.5 mm; petals linear, white 3 x 0.5 mm. Labellum oblong, 3— 4x 1.5—2 mm with a spur about 1.5 mm long, white, lateral lobes very small, disc spar- sely and minutely pubescent. Column erect 1.5—2 x 1—1.5 mm with 2 prominent purple apical teeth extending above the anther, sparsely and minutely pubescent below the stigma. Stigma approximately square, about 0.8 mm across. Anther white with a short, broad rostrum, lower part of pollinia projecting over the upper part of the stigmatic surface. Capsule globose, 2—3 mm in diameter covered with long fleshy green hairs. anther pollinia = column wing Figure 23. (a) Cadetia collinsii P. Lavarack sp. nov. A. Plant. B. Flower C. Section through flower. D. Flower from side, petals, sepals, and part of labellum removed. E, Column from front. F. Labellum fronv side. G, Labellum flattened out.-H. Petal. I.. Dorsal Sepal. J. Lateral sepal (A to indicated scale, B-J to various scales) Figure 23 (b) Malaxis fimbriata P. Lavarack sp. nov. K. Plant. L. Flower from front. M. Labellum. N. Col- umn and ovary O. Column from side. P. Petal. Q. Dorsal Sepal. R. Lateral sepal. S. Column from above. (K to indicated scale, L-S to various scales). 383 On examination of some unopened buds it was found that the pollinia were fused to the stigmatic surface. This, allied to the high incidence of fertilisation sug- gests that most, if not all, flowers are autogamous.Cadetia collinsii resembles C. Heads (Schitr. ). Schitr. but is smaller in ail its parts and differs in the following eatures: The labellum in C. maideniana has a thick fleshy midlobe, the apex being con- cave; while in C. collinsii the midlobe is only slightly fleshy and the apex is rounded with a small blunt point. The lateral lobes of the labellum are more pronounced in C. maideniana than in C. collinsii. The apical teeth on the column in the former is more slender than that of the latter. There are also differences in the shape of the sepals, all three being nearly equal in C. collinsii, giving the flower an almost regular appearance, while the lateral sepals differ from the dorsal in C. maideniana giving the flower a strongly zygomorphic appearance. C. collinsii has been observed in the gorges of the Rocky River, Chester River and Leo Creek and in a gorge on the Janet Range about 100 km to the north. It is a plant of lowland creek gorges usually growing low down on trees in at least partial shade. The flowering period is spasmodic, but largely in December to April. C. collinsii is named in honour of Rev. R. Collins of Atherton, who encouraged the author in his early studies of Australian orchids, and more recently, assisted on field trips to Cape York Peninsula, actually being present when this orchid was first officially collected. Malaxis fimbriata P. Lavarack, species nova. Planta terrestris, caules decumbentes teretes 20 x 1 cm, folia 4—15; peticolus canaliculatus vaginans 2,5—5 cm longus, lamina elliptica acuminata 7—12 x 3—5 cm. Inflorescentia 10—25 cm longa purpurea e floribus numerosis constans; pedicellus 7—10 mm longus ovario inclusus reflexus. Sepalum dorsalis 2.5—3 x 1—1.5 mm ovatum; sepala lateralia 22.5 x 1.5 mm oblonga obtusa; petala 2.5—3 x 0.5 linearia; labellum 2.5—3 x 3.5—4 mm hippocrepiforme 8—12 dentibus prominentibus, pari medio brevi latoque 0.2—0.5 mm longo vel prominentiis brevis redacto et utrinque dentibus aliis angustis acutis 0.4—-1.2 mm longis ultra labelli apicem extensis praeditum. Columna | x 0.8 mm alis latis obtusis ultra anther. Ty Cook District. Leo Creek, Cape York Peninsula, 13°33’S 143°28’E, Feb 1977, Lavarack 1768 BRI 244121, holotypus). Collected Sep 1975, flowered in cultivation, Feb 1977. Stems decumbent with the new shoots arising fromthe apical half of the previous stem, up to 20 cm long and | cm in diameter, terete, partly covered with scarious bracts and the remains of the old leaves. Leaves 4—15 on each stem, petiolate; petioles channelled, sheathing at the base 2.5—5 cm long; lamina 7—12 x 3-5 cm elliptical, broadest at the middle, acuminate, with 5 prominent veins. Infloescence terminal, 1O—25 cm long, rachis about twice the length of the peduncle; rachis and peduncle purple, 1.5—3 mm diameter, fluted; bracts on the peduncle about 5—7, refiexed, 5 x 1 mm; floral bracts similar; rachis with numerous densely packed flowers; pedicels 7—10 mm including ovary, reflexed. Flowers about 4 mm diameter, purple in all parts. Dorsal sepal 2.5—3 x 1.5 mm ovate obtuse; lateral sepals 2—2.5 x 1.5 mm, oblong, obtuse; petals 2.5—3 x 0.5 mm linear, at first spreading, later reflex- ing as the flower ages. Labellum 3 x 4 mm, horseshoe shaped, the apical and near api- cal margins with 8—12 prominent teeth, the central pair of teeth short and broad 0.2—0.5 mm long or reduced to a pair of small points on either side of a V-shaped notch; lateral teeth occupying about !/3 of the lateral margin, 3—5 on each side, nar- row, acute, 0.8—1.2 mm long; the pair of teeth furthest from the apex much shorter, the longest of the lateral teeth extending beyond the apex of the labellum; auricles triangular, obtuse, 1.5 x 1 mm. Surface of mid part of labellum slightly concave. Col- umn short and broad, about 1 x 0.8 mm, with 2 broad and blunt wings extending above the anther. Stigma approximately square. Anther small, 0.5 x 0.5 mm, broadly triangular. Capsule 5—8 mm long. This species appears to-be related to M. decumbens (Schltr.) P.F. Hunt from New Guinea, but differs in having much larger leaves and a relatively larger labellum with, 384 teeth exceeding the apex of the labellum. The differences between severai species, mostly described by J.J. Smith and by R. Schlecter from the Indonesian Islands and the islandof New Guinea, appear to be quite slight and it is obvious that this genus is in need of revision. Taking this into account, M. fimbriata appears at least as discrete an entity as many of the species previously described, differing in a combination of features involving the plant habit, length of pedicel and shape and ornamentation of labellum. According to Schlechter (1911-1914) it would fit in the section Com- melinodes. M. fimbriata may be distinguished from other members of the genus within Australia by the decument habit, evergreen leaves and purple flowers. This plant has been observed in a small area on the catchments of Leo Creek, Pandanus Creek and the Peach River above 500 m altitude. It grows in leaf litter on hillsides or on large rocks in dense shade on the rainforest floor forming large clumps. Flowering time i$ January to March. Acknowledgments The author is indebted to Mr. L. Pedley of the Queensland Herbarium who pre- pared the Latin diagnoses for Cadetia collinsii and Malaxis fimbriata. | also wish to express appreciation to Rev. R. Collins and Mr. B. Gray, both of Atherton, who pro- vided very able assistance in the field and to Dr. G. Seidenfaden of Copenhagen who compared specimens of Peristylus banfieldii with P. goodyeroides on behalf of the author. REFERENCES DOCKRILL, A.W. (1969). Australian Indigenous Orchids, Vol. 1. Soc. Growing Aust. Plants; Sydney. 825 pp. SCHLECHTER, R. (1911-1914), Die Orchidaceen on Deutsch-New Guinea. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. Beil. 1. 1079 pp. SEIDENFADEN, G. (1977). Orchid Genera in Thailand V, Orchidoideae. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31 (3). 385 Austrobaileya ] (4): 385-387 (1981) ADDITION TO COMBRETACEAE (LAGUNCLURIEAE) FROM | . AUSTRALIA By N.B. Byrnes Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Summary A new genus Dansiea (Combretaceae) and a new species D. elliptica from North Queensland, Australia are described. Dansiea N. Byrnes gen. nov. Laguncularieae generi Macropteranthes affinis sed habitu arboris, disco bilobo, ovario ad calycem adnato dorsaliter, ovulis pluris. Unica cognita species D. elliptica N. Byrnes Australiae tropicae incola. Dansiea elliptica N. Byrnes sp. nov. Cook District: State Forest Reserve 310, Goldsborough L.A., 17°15'S 145°45’E, 18 Jan 1978, B. Hyland 3657RFK (holotypus BRI 241211; isotypi CANB, K). Arbor ad 35 m alta. Truncus cortice lamelloso. Folia spiraliter disposita vel subopposita elliptica apice apiculata et basi breve attenuata 3—8.5 cm longa 1—3.5 cm lata margine integra glandulosa prope basi primo pubescentia dense appresse glabrescentia: petiolus 0.5—1 cm longus appresse pubescens. Flores axillares ca 2 cm longi: pedunculi ca 1 cm longi. Receptaculum tubularis non distinctum a calcye puberulum bracteolis adnatis persistibus accrescentibus in 5 lobis calyces terminans. Discus bilobus glandi similis. Petala 5 late elliptica apiculata 0.8—1 cm longa pubescentia decidua. Stamina 10, ca 1 cm longa tubi inserta duobus ordinibus filaments tnterioribus appendiculatis ad basim: antherae sagittatae versitiles. Ovarium pubescens uniloculare ad tubum adnatum dorsaliter: Stylus 8—10 mm longus: Stigma parvum: Ovula 14— 20 pendula. Fructus ignoti. Tree to 35 m tall. Trunk with flaky bark. Leaves spirally arranged or subopposite, elliptical, apiculate at apex, shortly attenuate at the base, 3—8.5 cm long, 1—3.5 cm wide, margins entire with glands near the base, at first densely appressed pubescent, glabrescent. Petioles 0.5—1 cm long, appressed pubescent. Flowers ca 2 cm long borne in the axils on peduncles ca | cm long. Receptacle tubular continuous and not distinct from calyx tube, terminating in the 5 calyx lobes, minutely pubescent with two enlarged persistent bracteoles adnate to the lower tube. Disc bilobed and gland- like. Petals 5, broadly elliptical 0.8—1 cm long, deciduous, pubescent. Stamens 10, ca 1 cm long inserted in the tube in two series with small appendages at the base of the filaments of the inner whorl. Anthers sagittate and versatile. Ovary pubescent, unilocular adnate dorsally to the flora! tube. Style 8—10 mm long. Stigma small. Ovules 14—20, pendulous. Fruit unknown. Queensland. Cook District: State Forest Reserve 310, Goldsborough L.A., Jan 1979, Hyland — 3653RFK, 3654RFK, 3655RFK, Dec 1977, Gray 815 & Jul 1979, Hyland 9956; Goldsborough Rd, Oct 1977, Dansie 20135; State Forest Reserve 756, Nov 1963, Hyland SSORFK.. Dansieais a \arge rainforest tree to 35 m tall and 90 cm diam at breast height. The leaves bear two or more marginal glands and the lateral venation is visible on both surfaces. The glands are open, apparently .non-secreting but have numerous cells con- taining crystals embedded in the tissue. The leaf indumentum consists of compart- mented hairs typical of the family. Simple hairs and glandular trichomes are absent. The flowers are superficially similar to Macropteranthes but are usually borne singly in the axils and the ovary is fused to the floral tube on one side only. A bilobed glandlike structure is present on the side of the floral tube opposite the ovary and represents the disc. This species has more ovules than any other member of the family. This new genus ts related to the genus Macropteranthes which is represented 386 Figure 24, Dausiee elliptica. Flower. a, External view. b. Longitudinal section. c. Section of base of floral tube. 387 by four species in Australia. These species are usually shrubs of the monsoonal areas with long dry winter periods. The flowers are borne in pairs on a common peduncle. The ovary is fused to the floral tube on all sides and the disc is cupular. The indumentum on the young leaves of the Dansiea specimens collected in January is dense but mature leaves collected later in the year tend to be glabrous at least on the upper surface. The specimen (sterile) Dansie 20315 is almost completely glabrous retaining hairs on the veins and leaf margin. This reveals the pellucid punc- tate nature of the lamina that is obscured by the indumentum of the younger leaves. The absence of old and new leaves on the one specimen indicates the species may be deciduous if only for a short period just before the new growth and flowers appear. This species is restricted in distribution to the rainforests near Mt. Bartle Frere. The species was first brought to attention by Mr S.J. Dansie, Forester and Collector but satisfactory flowering material was not available until collected by Mr. B. Hyland in January, 1978. Difficult weather conditions at the time of flowering contributed to the delay in obtaining adequate fertile material. References BYRNES, N.B. (1977). A revision of Combretaceae in Australia. Contr. Od Herb. No. 20. EXELL, A.W. & STACE, C.A. (1966). Revision of Combretaceae. Bol. Sec. Brot., 40:2:5-26. STACE, C.A. (1965). The Significance of the Leaf Epidermis in the Taxonomy of the Combretaceae. J. Linn, Soc., Bot. $9:229-252. 388 Austrobaileya | (4): 388-419 (1981) NOTES ON SAPINDACEAE IN AUSTRALIA, I. by Sally T. Reynolds Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Table of Contents STATA Ye 2 hig nde te ee aatacse et aco nas. CMV R eet hon eed ten ae a ee pe eM rate ATs 388 FRTPOAMCHOH 5.9 2a ied a tecadece aad iecnle a4 PP ocd ee est Cee bs SR Lip eel lide 388 PIPOPIOUS ss alias By EE jcevah Soke a ho ak bie when gle tase qaslnpgicm ow noche Hea eM ee as 390 PARA are. + tc. tos Bede Oe heb teal Cul chataltee oh lela Pe ap hd ated 6 hee Gor SEs 6 caus OSM 398 FABER A o's ar beg ore a Mune fee Gs ooh a beterc ty oc fan ta Mt er ein tee het a Eh ae o ohilthe hens 406 PTAC ARE Beye ys RAekos Aeseatee ie skated ie Lines Delth ot pat M oecicabs, js yeebseies, ibs | Ay 412 Summary Sapindaceae in Australia consists of 30 genera with over 180 species. Most of the species are found in Queensland, mainly in the rainforests of northern Queensland. Castanospora, Diplopeltis, Distichostemon, Ffeterodendrum, and Sarcotoechia are endemic. Detailed descriptions of, and keys to, all taxa are given. The genera Diplogiottis (8 species), Atalaya (9 species), Jagera (3 species) and Harpullia (8 species) are treated in this first paper of a series. Taxa described as new are: Diplogiotis harpiltlioides, D. pedleyi, D. smithii, D. macrantha, Atalaya sericopetala, A. angustifolia, A. calcicola, A. rigida, Jagera discolor, and J. pseudorhius var. integerrima. Diploglot- tis cunninghamii (Hook. ) Benth. & Hook. is the correct name for D. australis Radlk. _ The family comprises about 150 genera and 2000 species, the majority of them being trees or shrubs; only a few (5 genera and 300 species) are climbers. They are mostly found in the tropics and subtropics and are most common in America and Asia, The Sapindaceae in Australia are trees or shrubs, only one, Cardiospermiutim, which is introduced and now naturalised, is a vine. Most of the Australian species are found in Queensland, mainly in the rainforests of northern Queensland where they are usually important species in the rainforest communities, some are found in dry scrubs, others along creek and river banks and a few along the coast. The family in Australia consists of 30 genera and over 180 species, of which 4 genera viz. Cossignia, Dictvoneura, Lepidopetalum and Tristiropsis are newly recorded, being the extension of their range mainly from New Guinea. About 25 species are either new records or new species. Some of the genera e.g. Castanospora, Diplopeltis, Distichostemon, Heterodendrum, Sarcotoechia are endemic to Australia. Bentham in 1863 (FI. Aust. 1:451-488) listed 16 genera and 82 species as occur- ring in Australia, Radlkofer in his treatment of the family from 1878-1932 split some genera and described some new genera and species and recorded 25 genera and about 135 species for Australia. Various authors viz. C.T. White, Domin, etc. from 1920 to 1936 described ten new species which were not included in Radikofer’s work. Since then only five new species have been described. No major revisionary work have been done on the family in Australia except A.S. George’s paper on Diplopeitis (1969) and a few short papers on Dodonaea since Radikofer. The late L.S. Smith was very interested in the family and was an authority on the Australian species. He collected notes and specimens over the years and made annotations and some sorting of the Queensland material but was unable to publish any material on the family before his untimely death in 1970. 389 There has always been some confusion in the identity of the Queensland species especially the rainforest ones, mainly because of the incomplete nature of the speci- mens and because a lot of the genera had at least a few undescribed taxa amongst the species. In some cases there was no representative specimen of a particular species and Radikofer’s regional keys on some genera did not help. Because of the revision- ary work of some of the Botanists at Leiden, chiefly Dr. P.W. Leenhouts on different groups of the family some with Australian representatives, a few of the genera occur- ring here have been straightened out. The need for the review of the family here became necessary when the family had to be written up for the Handbook to the Flora of South-eastern Queensland as a third of the species occur in the area. A lot of sort- ing and some collecting had to be done and some doubtful species checked against their types. It was found that in some cases e.g. in Arytera, some of the confusion originated from the days of Mueller, Bentham and Radikofer. In one case the type was a mixed collection and in the other the holotype held at Melbourne was different from the isotype distributed to Kew. All the genera (except Diplopeltis) that occur here have been checked and studied and the review of all (except Dodonaea on which a separate revision is being carried out in Adelaide) will be published in parts. Although about 20 new species are to be described a lot more are still imperfectly known. Many of the Sapindaceae are of economic value; several contain saponin in bark, twigs, leaves and pericarp; some yield valuable timber and others furnish edible fruits, the best known being Dimocarpus longan spp. longan‘*Longan’’, Litchi chinensis “Lychee” and Nephelium lappaceum ‘‘Rambutan’’, both ‘‘Lychee’”’ and ‘“‘Longan”’ are now cultivated in Australia, Jagera pseudorhus f, pseudorhus Diploglottis cunninghamii ; Harpuliiia alata Harpullia pendula . Figure 25. Flowers of some Sapindaceae. Petals, sepals and scales. 390 DIPLOGLOTTIS Diploglotttis Hook.f., Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 1:395 (1862). Type species: D. cunninghamii (Hook.) Hook.f., based on Cupania cunninghamii Hook. Trees usually monoecious, most species with large fluted rusty hairy branchlets and large leaves, rarely glabrous. Leaves paripinnate, often with large opposite to alternate entire leaflets. Inflorescences axillary, or pseudoterminal and forming large copiously flowered thyrsiform panicles; primary peduncles either stout ribbed and densely rusty hairy or pale hairy; cymules often sessile; bracteate. Flowers polygamous, regular or slightly irregular; pedicellate; calyces shortly cupular with 5 ovate lobes, or sepals free, broadly ovate, suborbicular or obovate and unequal, imbricate, often concave; petals 4 or 5, the fifth one often reduced, clawed, with bilobed hairy and usually crested scales, reduced petal often crestless; discs complete or incomplete, éften oblique; stamens 6—9, filaments exerted, pilose in lower half; ovaries trigonous, usually hairy, style stout. Capsules usually large, transversely ellip- soid to irregularly globose, 2 or 3—sulcate with 2 or 3 globose lobes, or 1—lobed with aborted lobes usually small and reduced; usually completely 2 or 3—celled; 2 or 3—valved; valves thin or thick, usually hairy; seeds large, suborbicular slightly com- pressed, ascendent, nearly enclosed in thick, fleshy, acidic, usually bilobed, erose- margined aril. Australia and probably also in New Guinea; eight species (four new) in eastern Australia. 1. Leaves with 1—3(—4) pairs of opposite or subopposite leaflets, usually glabrous; petioles and rachises glabrous or puberulent. Sepals obovate or suborbicular, unequal. Disc complete or incomplete with erect lateral lobe enclosing the stamens on one Side........ 00... 0c eee eee eee 2 Leaves with (2—)4—12 alternate or subopposite leaflets on each side of rachis, usually hairy especially on nerves on lower surfaces; petioles and rachises densely hairy to puberulent. Sepals usually ovate, rarely orbicular, equal or unequal. Disc complete or incomplete (then discs often crescent shaped and not enclosing the stamens).......... 0.00: cece eceenee eee eet ttvertrtnaaees 3 2. Panicles 12—-16 cm long and as wide. Capsules subglobose 3.5—7 cm long and in diam., rarely smaller, 2 or 3— valved with thin valves. Leaves with petiole (15—)24—33 cm long, glabrous or subglabrous; petiolules 2— 5 mm long. Disc incomplete with erect lateral lobe enclosing the STAMOS OO SIGE,...2) ci aa obs em oe ed De Lasted had wachck dcke RA bla ola bk alpnecd oe ed Pa eee 1, D. campbellii Panicles small and few flowered, 1—2.5 cm long and as wide. Capsules transversely ellipsoid mostly 2-lobed with subglobose unequal lobes, 3—4 x 3—6.2 em, 2— valved with thick valves. Leaves with petiole 22—58 cm long, glabrous; petiolules 1—3.5 cm long. Disc usuaily COM PES UGGS AG ok ate Bie eee eed Tally Dee ats soy adr ack ste eh ee eae Path Lbs 2. D. harpullioides 3. Younger parts especially young leaves, petioles, rachises, petiolules and nerves densely rubiginose or dark reddish brown hairy with villous hairs. Capsules with glabrous valves usually 1 (or 2) —lobed with reduced aborted lobes at its base, subglobose or ellipsoid, oblique, l-celled, 2-valved. Sepals orbicular; petals usually with thin crests. Pinnae 11—19(—23) in WUNIDE? ost clay wens araics | ble alee ve eee dilettante, 3 tase yts 3. D, pedleyi Younger parts, young leaves, petioles, rachises, petiolules and nerves not dark reddish brown hairy as above, hairs either ferruginous or very pale. Capsules with valves hairy at least inside, irregularly globose to transversely ellipsoid; 3-celled with 3 thick valves, or (1—)2 or 3—sulcate or —lobed, lobes subglobose, 1—celled, 2— valved with thin valves. Sepals ovate; petals crested except some reduced ones. Pinnae 6—10(—18) innumber............ 0... cece eee eee 4 4, Panicles conspicuously bracteate with sessile or subsessile cymules in axil of bracts, usually scurfy and pale hairy. Bracts 4—35 x 3—6 mm, pale hairy. Branchlets, petioles, rachises and peduncles usually pubescent or puberulent with pale short appressed hairs often intermingled with long rusty hairs. Leaflets 8—14 in number. Branchlets slender ........0.0..0 00. cece cece eee eee eee eee 5 Panicles not as above, usually rusty hairy; bracts to 7 x 3 mm, rusty brown hairy outside. Branchlets, petioles, rachises and peduncles usually densely rusty villous hairy. Leaflets 4—10(—18), usually large. Branchlets mostly stout and fluted ........0..00 0.0... c cece cece gee ee 6 5. Pinnae with numerous lateral nerves, 24—34 pairs, 3—7 mm apart, often with secondary nerves between them, usually depressed above, bullate. Peduncles densely hairy with somewhat crispate hairs intermingled with long rusty hairs, bracts to 8 x 3 mm, ovate acuminate. Capsules 1.4—1.8 x 2—3.5cm, transversely ellipsoid or subglobose 1—3 celled; valves 2 or 3, : PTET May oR ncaa eM adssad pitescad laste acts tae bs alt OM Saeatarl Aah Guy ak LB ata oA Nite Sly he aly Sets 4. D, smithii t Pinnae with 11—23 pairs of lateral nerves, 6—15 mm apart, not bullate. Peduncles globose at base, pubescent with short pale appressed hairs; bracts to 35 x 6 mm, oblong ovate, acuminate, 391 grooved in the middle. Capsules 2.8—3.6 x 2.8—-4.5 cm, subgiobose 3—celled; valves 3, thick, rindlike, drying sub-woody... 00.6... 0. ccc ccc cee tenets Oe AO ANE 5. D, bracteata 6. Petioles 0.7—3.5 cm long. Panicles slender, not divaricately branched, 6.5—13 cm long and to 3 cm wide. Flowers 7—8 mm diam. Leaflets 6— 10, mostly ovate-oblong or oblong, acuminate- apiculate at tips. Shrubs or small slender, unbranched trees 2—4m. ................ 6. D. macrantha Petioles 0.2—1.5 cm long. Panicles divaricately branched, 12—50 cm long and nearly as wide, primary peduncles usuaily stout and fluted. Flowers 4—6 mm diam. Leaflets 4—18, usually oblong or elliptic-oblong, often wider above the middle, tips broad, rounded or abruptly and shortly acuminate. Trees (6—)10—30 m tall, branching at the top..... 6.0... e eee eee eee ee 7 7. Leaflets usually oblong with broad, truncate or obtuse bases, unequal and cut to about second last pair of lateral nerves, and broad, rounded apices, 9—51 x 5—18 cm; petiolules 2—15 mm long. (Leaf with petiole (28—) 45,5—130 cm long with 3—5(—8) leaflets each side of rachis. Branchlets and primary peduncles stout and fluted) .........0.0.0.0 cece eeu uas 7. D. cunninghamii Leaflets usually elliptic-oblong or subobovate-elliptic, often broader above the middle, acute, obtuse and oblique at base and rounded or abruptly and shortly acuminate at apices, 4.5—23 x 2—9.5 cm; petiolules 2—6 mm long. (Leaf with petiole (144—)38—70 cm long with (2—) 3—9 leaflets each side of rachis. Branchlets and primary peduncles usually slender) ..... 8. D. diphyllostegia 1. Diploglottis campbellii Cheel, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 48: 685 (1923); Francis, Aust. Rain-For. Trees, ed 3:256 (1970). Syntypes: Tintenbar, Feb 1892, M. Bauerlen (not seen); Tweed River, R.A. Campbell (not seen). Trees 8-20 m, young parts sericeous hairy; branchlets, petioles and rachises puberulent with pale short usually antrorse hairs intermingled with long hairs, len- ticels small, broadly elliptic. Leaves with petiole (15—)24—33 cm long with (1—)2— 4 pairs of leaflets; petioles semiterete, 3.5—7 cm, pulvinate; rachises adaxially ridged, 2—10 cm, pinnae usually opposite and decreasing in size from apex to base, elliptic- oblong or —subobovate or —ovate, acute or abruptly and shortly acuminate at apices, Subacute or obtuse, oblique or unequal at base with one side decurrent into petiolules, 7—19 x 2.5—7 cm, glabrous or lower surfaces subglabrous, puberulent on midribs, semicoriaceous, lateral nerves 10—14 pairs, subpatent; petiolules semi- terete, 2—5 mm, pulvinate. Thyrsiform panicles axillary or supra-axillary, laxly branched and flowered, 12—16 cm long and as wide, peduncles tomentose or pubes- cent. Flowers to 5 mm diam.; pedicels to 3 mm, pubescent; calyces 5—partite, lobes imbricate, obovate or suborbicular, concave, 2.5—4 x 2—3 mm, pubescent; petals 4 or 5, subspathulate, rounded at apex, long clawed with tubular claw, 2—2.5 x 2 mm, scales bilobed longer than lamina, villous, crests yellowish; disc incomplete with oblong erect lateral lobe enclosing the stamens on one side; stamens 8 or 9, curved and inflexed towards the erect lobe of disc, filaments 3—4 mm, glabrous, ovaries 3— celled, pubescent. Capsules subglobose or depressed ovoid, obscurely 3—sulcate, 3.5—7 x 3.5—7 cm, rarely small and globose to 2 x 2 cm, brownish and thinly hairy; seeds subglobose often enclosed in fleshy, acidic, bilobed red aril. Restricted to southern Queensland and northern New South Wales from Tinten- bar, Richmond River to Tallebudgera Creek area, not common. Queensland. MORETON DISTRICT: Tallebudgera Creek, Dec 1917, White & Young s.n. New South Wales. Byron Bay, Feb 1975, Willows s.n., Road up to Mt Warning approx. 1 km past the creek crossing, Apr 1979, Jessup 196. 2. Diploglottis harpullioides S.T, Reynolds species nova; a speciebus ceteris Austra- lianis foliis glabris et perbrevibus inflorescentibus differt. Typus: Cook Dis- trict : Harvey Creek, 12 October 1973, L.J. Webb & J.G. Tracey s.n. (BRI, holotypus). Small trees 3--5 m, branchlets puberulent or glabrescent with minute, appressed pale hairs, lenticellate, striated. Leaves with petiole 22—58 cm long, with (1—)2—4 pairs of leaflets, (leaves decreasing in size from apex to base); petioles 5.5—14 cm, subterete, shortly pulvinate and globose at base, glabrous; rachises 3.5—27 cm, sub- terete, glabrous; pinnae opposite, elliptic-oblong or subovate-elliptic-oblong or subobovate-elliptic, abruptly acuminate at apices, acute and very oblique at base, 8— 23.5(—31.5) x 3.5—8(—10.5) cm, glabrous, coriaceous, lateral nerves 9—14 pairs, 392 subpatent, arched and ascending and anastomosing near margins, prominent, midribs raised, reticulations lax, petiolules 1—3.5 cm, slender, subterete, slightly channelled above pulvinate base, puberulent. Panicles small, axillary, usually on short lateral branchlets in axil of fallen leaves, 1—2.5 cm long and nearly as wide, usually branch- ing from the base, cymules 2 or 3-flowered; peduncles pubescent; bracts minute. Buds globose; flowers to 5 mm diam.; pedicels 5—7 mm, articulate towards base, densely appressed hairy; sepals imbricate, broadly ovate or orbicular, concave, 4 x 3.5—5 mm, unequal, outer pair smaller, ciliolate, appressed pubescent outside, glabrous inside, petals 5, broadly ovate-orbicular, shortly clawed, membranous, delicately veined, 2—5.5 x 2,5—5.5 mm, glabrous outside, puberulent inside towards the claw and scales, scales bilobed with thin crests; disc glabrous, repand and often fleshy and suboblique; filaments 2—4 mm long, pilose; ovaries 3-celled, villous, style Short. Capsules transversely ellipsoid usually 2-lobed with + orbicular lobes, or 1- lobed and subglobose, with aborted lobes towards base 3—4 x 3.5—6.2 cm, 2— valved, valves thick (to 4 mm thick) appressed pubescent inside; seeds orbicular, slightly compressed, enclosed in fleshy bilobed red aril. Northern Queensland, from Cedar Bay, near Bloomfield River to around Babinda, in rainforests. | CooK DISTRICT: Cedar Bay, near Bloomfield R, Feb 1973, Dick s.n., Weinert’s Ck, Babinda (17°20'S, 145°55'E), Nov 1977, Jago 272 (ORS). This species differs from the rest of Australian species in the glabrous leaves and very short inflorescences. | 3. Diploglottis pedleyi S.T. Reynolds species nova; a speciebus ceteris: Australianis ramulis petiolalis rhachidibus et pedunculis omnibus dense atrorufescenter villosis et foliolis pluribus, 5—12—jugis differt. Typus: Cook District : The Boulders, Babinda Creek, ca 6 km W of Babinda, 31 Aug 1954, Z.S. Smith 5336 (BRI, holotypus). Small trees, 7—9 m, often multistemmed, young parts especially young leaves densely red-rusty villous hairy’and furry, branchlets ribbed, stout, villous hairy. Leaves with petioles 56—64.5(—82) cm long, with 5—10(—12) leaflets each side of rachis; petioles 10.5—19(—24.5) cm, semiterete, flattened above at broad pulvinate base; rachises 16.5—36.3(—59.5) cm, terete, bi— or trisulcate; pinnae opposite or subopposite, narrowly elliptic-oblong, tips abruptly and shortly acuminate, bases obtuse, truncate, oblique, 10—28(—33.5) x 3.4—5.7(—6.5) cm, glabrous or the midribs puberulent, semicoriaceous, lateral nerves 18—25 pairs, arcuate, raised below and often impressed above; petiolules 0.8—2 cm, slender, pulvinate. Panicles axillary, usually clustered at tips of branchlets, 6—10 x 1.5—11 cm, laxly branched with spiciform branches bearing clusters of usually 3—flowered sessile cymules; bracts 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, concave, rusty hairy outside, glabrous inside. Buds globose; flowers (hermaphrodites) to 11 mm diam., cream; sessile; sepals imbricate, outer pair smaller, 3.5—4 x 4 mm, orbicular, concave, glabrous or rarely puberulent outside, ciliolate on pale margins, glandular dotted; petals 5, none reduced, broadly ovate, clawed, 3—4 x 2.5 mm, glabrous except claw, scaies bilobed with crest-like appen- dages or crests thin, scales hairy on margins; disc 5—lobed or crenate, fleshy, glabrous; filaments to 1.5 mm long, pilose, anthers oblong-ovoid to 2.5 mm, pilose at sutures; ovaries puberulent, 3~—celled. Capsule subglobose or transversely ellipsoid, oblique, usually 1(—2)—lobed with reduced aborted lobes often present near its base, sessile, 3.5—5.5 x 4.5—7.5 cm, glabrous; 2—valved, valves coriaceous, glabrous inside; seeds suborbicular, oblique, slightly compressed, 3—4 x 3.5—4 cm, nearly enveloped by fleshy (5—8 mm thick) bilobed red aril. Northern Queensland, chiefly coastal in the Babinda-Innisfail area, in rain- forests. 393 Cook District: The Boulders, Babinda, 30 Aug 1949, Krause 3; S.F.R. 755, Barong L.A., (17°31'S, 146°30°E), 13 Sep 172, Dansie s.n. (QRS 22791-22796); 9 Sep 1976, Fitzsimon 56 (QRS); 28 Oct 1976, Hyland 9157, McNamee Ck near Palmerston National Park, 31 Oct 1968, Webb & Tracey 8322. This species differs from the rest of Australian species in the dense deep rusty red villous hairy branchlets, petioles, rachises, petiolules and peduncles. The leaflets are also more numerous, being 5—12 paired, and the large fruit is glabrous. It is named in honour of Mr. L. Pedley who is very interested in the genus and has helped sort out the many problems, especially the nomenclature, of the family in Australia. 4. Diploglottis smithii S.T. Reynolds sp. nov. Species haec a ceteris differt nervis iateralibus numerosis (24—28—jugis) approximatis inter se 3—7 distantibus patentibus impressis supra. Inflorescentiae et bracteacis D. bracteatae similes. Typus: Cook District : Paronella Park, Muna Creek near Innisfail, Aug 1948, L.S. Smith s.n. (BRI, holotypus). Trees 7—15 m tall and 22—60 cm girth, buttressed; young parts especially young leaves furry or densely rusty villous hairy, branchlets ribbed, lenticellate, densely appressed hairy with short pale appressed hairs intermingled with longer rusty hairs. Leaves with petiole 29—47 cm long, with 4—6 leaflets each side of rachis; petioles 6.5—12 cm, semiterete, slightly margined, pulvinate, often lenticellate, puberulent; rachises 10.5—28 cm, often bisulcate above, lenticellate, pubescent or puberulent; pinnae alternate or opposite, lowermost pair the smallest, elliptic or elliptic-oblong often abruptly narrowing at both ends, or obovate-elliptic, acute, obtuse or abruptly and shortly acuminate at apices with emarginate acumen, bases obtuse or acute and shortly decurrent, oblique and subequal, (6—)9—19.5(—26) x 2.5—7(—11.5) cm (juvenile leaves simple, to 38 x 11.5 cm), glabrous and shiny above, puberulent especially on nerves or glabrous below, minutely papillose on lower surfaces, semi- coriaceous, lateral nerves 24—34 pairs, close to each other, 3—7(—10) mm apart, often with secondary nerves between them, subpatent, arched and ascending at tips, nerves depressed above, bullate, reticulation dense; petiolules 0.5—1.4 cm, grooved above, pulvinate, puberulent. Thyrsiform panicles supra-axillary or pseudoterminal, laxly branched, 13—32 x 13—27 cm, peduncles densely minutely hairy with some- what crispate tomentum intermingled with longer straight rusty hairs, ribbed, bearing sessile 4——-7— flowered cymules in axil of bracts; bracts narrowly oblong-ovate, 5—8 x 2—3 mm, crispate tomentose outside, glabrous towards the base inside, deciduous. Flowers (females) about 5 mm diam.; pedicels to 3 mm long, articulate about middle, pubescent; calyces 5—lobed, lobes subequal, ovate, 2.5—3 x 2 mm, crispate tomen- tose outside, pubescent inside except glabrous base; petals 5, one usually reduced, broadly suborbicular, long-clawed, or spathulate, glabrous except crispate hairy scales, 3.5 x 2.5 mm, scales bilobed, crested; disc almost complete, rarely oblique, crenate, glabrous, filaments subulate 2 mm long, pilose towards base; ovaries subglobose, tomentose, style stout, 2—3 mm long, glabrous. Capsules transversely ellipsoid or subglobose, 1.4—1.8 x 2—3.5 cm, + obscurely 2 or 3 sulcate, usually with pale or whitish bloom; valves thin, finely pale greyish or whitish pubescent out- side, puberulent inside with appressed scattered hairs; seeds brown enclosed in red juicy acidulous aril. Northern Queensland from Bloomfield River to Innisfail area where it is quite common in rainforests. Cook District: Gap Creek about 38 km S by E of Cooktown, Aug 1959, Smith 10739, Daintree, Rosenstroms.n., National Park Reserve 904 (17°35'S, 145°45’E), Oct 1968, Hyland 2025; The Boulders near Babinda in 1956, Wilkie s.n. The species differs from the rest in having numerous lateral nerves (24—28 pairs), close to each other, 3—7 mm apart, patent, impressed above. Inflorescence and bracts similar to D. bracteata. Figure 26. Diplogiottis. A. D. camopbellii. Al, Flowers, sepals and petals removed (x 8) A2, Petal (x 8). A3. Sepal (x 4). Ad. Fruit (x 2/3). B. D. bracteata. B1, Portion of inflorescence (x 2/3). B2. Fruit (x 2/3). C. D. smithii. C1. Leaf. C2. Portion of inflorescence (x 2/3). D. D. macrantha. D1. Flower, sepals and petals removed (x 6). D2. Petal (x 6). D3. Sepal (x 6). D4. Fruit (x 2/3). E. D. pedleyi. E1. Portion of leaft {x 1). E2. Young leaflets (x2/3). E3. Petal (x 6). E4 & 5. Outer and inner sepals (x 6). E6. Fruit (x '4). F. D. harpullioides. Ft. Leaf. F2. Portion of inflorescence. F3. Petal (x 6). F4 & 5, Outer & inner speals (x 6). F6. Fruit (x 3A), 395 _It is named after the late Mr. L.S. Smith who was an authority on Australian Sapindaceae. 5. Diploglottis bracteata Leenh., Blumea 24 (1) : 176 (1978). Type: Cook District: Gadgarra and Ghurka Pocket, L.S. Smith 1057. (BRI, iso). Small trees to 10 m, and 25 cm girth, young parts, branchlets, petioles, rachises, petiolules and peduncles with appressed short pale pubescence; branches 5—ribbed, lenticellate. Leaves with petiole (19—) 30—57 cm long, with 4—7 leaflets each side of rachis, petioles 3.5—9 cm, semiterete, slightly margined, flat above at broad, pulvinate base; rachises 6—24 cm, flattened and slightly margined above; pinnae alternate or subopposite, elliptic oblong, tips obtuse or shortly abruptly acuminate with emarginate acumen, bases acute, attenuating and shortly decurrent into petiolules, 5.5—23 x 2—6.5 cm, glabrous above or midribs hairy, puberulent, often scurfy and papillose below, semicoriaceous, lateral nerves 11—23 pairs, subarcuate; petiolules 0.8—1.8 cm, grooved above. Thyrsiform panicles axillary or pseudoter- minal, often divaricately branched, 15—31 x 13—26 cm; peduncles ribbed, globose at base; bracts mostly oblong ovate, 0.8—3.5 x 0.4—0.7 cm, hoary pubescent and scurfy outside, puberulent to glabrescent inside. Flowers in 3 or 4—flowered sessile cymules, 4.5—6 mm diam., males smaller; pedicels 4— 11 mm, articulate below mid- dle, tomentose; calyx lobes broadly ovate, imbricate, crispate hairy except glabrous base; petals 5, none reduced, broadly obovate, shortly clawed, 3—3.5 x 2—2.5 mm, glabrous or puberulent only towards base outside, scales bilobed, obovate, nearly as ‘long as petals, crispate hairy, crests stipitate; disc annular, fleshy, glabrous; stamens 7—8, filaments subulate, 3—4 mm long, pilose from middle to base; ovaries subglobose, tomentose,style 3 mm long, pilose to subglabrous. Capsules subglobose 2.8—3.6 x 2.8—4.5 cm, + 3—gonous, 3—celled, valves coriaceous, thick (to 4 mm thick), rind-like, wrinkled, (somewhat woody when dry) finely and minutely tomen- ee outside, villous inside with appressed hairs; seeds globose embedded in bilobed aril. Northern Queensland, around Atherton Tableland, in rainforest remnants usually at high altitudes. Cook District: Forest Reserve 310, Gadgarra, Aug 1964, Voick 3464, Butchers Creek Rd about 8 km E of Malanda, Nov 1969, Volek 4399: Portion 12, Parish of Malanda (17°18’S, 145°39’E), Sep 1977, Gray 677 (BRI, QRS). . 6. Diploglottis macrantha L.S. Smith ex 8.T. Reynolds sp. nov. Species nova D. cun- ninghamii proxima a qua imprimis floribus majoribus (circa 8 mm diametro) habitu (statura minore 2—4 m) foliis apicem acuminatis et longipetiolulatis differt. Typus: Cook District: Iron Range, 27 Jul 1949, H. Flecker 13158 (BRI, holotypus). Shrubs or small trees 2—4m, unbranched; young parts especially young leaves densely velutinous hairy with dark brown hairs; branchlets stout, fluted, densely fer- ruginous hairy, so also are petioles, rachises, petiolules and peduncles. Leaves large, with petiole 36—47(—86) cm long, with 3—5 large leaflets each side of rachis; petioles 15.5—17.5(—27) cm, terete trisulcate, broad at base; rachises terete ribbed, 21—34(—45.5) cm; pinnae subopposite or alternate, usually oblong ovate narrowing towards acuminate apex, or elliptic oblong, apices usually abruptly and shortly acum1- nate and apiculate, bases unequal, broadly obtuse or somewhat rounded or truncate, (8.5—)14—22(—27) x (4—)7—8.5(—13) cm, puberulent above, pubescent or puberulent below with the midribs and nerves densely rusty hairy, usually pellucid dotted below, upper surfaces drying paler and duller, semicoriaceous, lateral nerves 13—30 pairs, suboblique, arched and ascending at tips, slightly impressed above, bul- late and often transversely corrugate between the nerves, reticulations lax; petiolules 0.7—3.5 cm with the basal leaflets on longer stalks, broad at base. Thyrsiform pani- 396 cles axillary, slender, 6.5—13 cm long and to 3 cm wide, with dense cluster of cymules, peduncles ribbed, lined by short decurrent flower-bearing branches; bracts ovate-oblong 4—6 x 2—3 mm, rusty velvety tomentose outside, subglabrous especially towards base inside. Flowers cream, 7—8 mm diam., males smaller; pedicels 6—8 mm, articulate about middle, tomentose; calyx lobes 5, ovate, 3—5 x 2.5—3.5 mm, often carinate towards apex, yellow-brown crispate tomentose; petals 5 (one often reduced and crestless) , suborbicular and long clawed or spathulate, 4—5 x 2.5—3 mm, hoary towards base and claw outside, densely hairy on scales and claw inside, scales as long as petals, bilobed, crested; disc glabrous, complete or nearly so, suboblique, often crenate on one side; stamens 8— 10, filaments subulate, 4—5 mm, pubescent from middle to base, anthers broadly ovate, to 1 x 1 mm; ovaries tri- gonous, globose, villous, style 5 mm long, pilose. Capsules very broadly obovoid or obcordate, apiculate, 1.5—2 x 2—4 cm, 3 or 2—sulcate, golden rusty velutinous tomentose outside, valves semicoriaceous, pilose pubescent inside with appressed hairs; seeds subellipsoid, brown, nearly covered by orange-red aril. Northern Queensland, Cape York Peninsula (from Bamaga to Iron Range and along Mcllwraith Range). Scattered in gallery rainforests or dry monsoon forests, usually on stony soil, on hills and beside creeks. CooK DISTRICT: Bamaga Mission, Oct 1965, Smith 12411. Tozer Gap, Tozer Range, Jul 1910, Brass 19520; Mt. Tozer flank (12°45'S, 143°10’E), Jun 1972, Irvine 229; Kennedy Road, W. Claudie River (12°45'S, 143°15’E), Aug 1965, Gitins 1041; Leo Creek (13°40’S, 143°20'E), Sep 1972, Hyland 6386, T.R. 14 Rocky River, (13°50'S 143°25'E), Sep 1973, Hyland 6798. The species is closest to D. cunninghamii but differs chiefly in large flowers (about 8 mm diameter), habit (smaller stature 2—4 m), leaflets with acuminate tips and long petiolulate. 7. Diploglottis cunninghamii (Hook.) Hook.f. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. Pl. 1:395 (1862); Benth., Fl. Aust. 1:454 (1863); F.M. Bailey, Qd Fl. 1:287 (1899); Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:905 (1927). Based on Cupania cunninghamii Hook., ae Bot. Mag. 75,t.4470 (1849). Type: Cultivated specimen at Kew (not seen). Stadtmannia australis Cunn. mss., Curt. Bot. Mag. 75,t.4470 (1849), pro syn. Diplog- lottis australis Radlk., Sitzungsber. bayer. Akad. 9:486, 499, 531 (1879). Based on Stadtmannia australis Cunn. mss. non G. Don “‘Diploglottis australis (G. Don) Radlk.’’; R.H. Anders., Trees of N.S.W. ed. 3:254 (1957): Beadle, Evans and Carolin, Handb. Vasc. Plants Sydney Dist. ed. 1. 324 (1962); Fran- cis, Aust. Rain-For. Trees ed. 3:252 (1970). Misapplied name: Stadtmannia australis G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1:669 (1831). Trees 6—35 m, branching at top; young parts especially young leaves rusty velutinous tomentose; branchlets stout, fluted, densely rusty villous hairy with spreading hairs, petioles, rachises, petiolules and peduncles also rusty tomentose. Leaves large, with petiole (28—) 45.5—130 cm long, with 3—5(—8) large leaflets each side of rachis; petioles 8—11(—17) cm, terete, trisulcate, broad at base; rachises 11—35(—71) cm, terete, trisulcate; pinnae subopposite or alternate, oblong or ellip- tic-oblong, rarely oblong-ovate or often basal pair obovate, tips broad, rounded, obtuse or rarely abruptly acuminate, margins repand, bases usually broad and trun- cate, oblique unequal and usually cut on one side to about second last pair of lateral nerves, rarely obtuse, 9—33(—51) x 5—12(—18) cm, Guvenile leaves often simple, obovate-oblong, to 29 x 12 cm), upper surfaces usually glabrous except rusty midribs, lower ones pubescent to puberulent often pellucid dotted, semicoriaceous, lateral nerves 19—28 pairs, suboblique, parallel, bullate between nerves and transver- sely corrugate; petiolules 0.2—1.5 cm, semiterete, broad at base. Panicles in upper axils often clustered below velutinous young leaves, usually large with stout pedun- cles and divaricate branches, 12—50 cm long and as wide, copiously flowered. 397 Flowers 4—6 mm diam.; pedicels to 6 mm, villous; calyces 4 mm long, lobes ovate, 2.5—3 x 2—2.5 mm, densely villous outside; petals 4, rarely with reduced fifth one, broadly obovate and shortly clawed, 2.5 x 2.5 mm, glabrous; scales 2, broad, as long as petals, crests fleshy, stipitate; disc incomplete, glabrous; stamens 8-10, filaments subulate, 3 mm long, pilose from middle to base; ovary subglobose, hairy, style sim- ple. Capsules yellow-orange, subglobose and 1-celled or transversely ellipsoid, 3 or 2—sulcate or lobed, 1.3—1.8 x 2.5—3 cm, turgid, valves thin, veined, pale rusty velvety hairy on outside, pilose puberulent inside: seeds brown, orbicular, carinate on margins, nearly covered by 2—lobed orange- -red acidic aril. Southern Queensland as far west as Bunya Mountains and to Illawarra District in New South Wales, usually to altitudes around 1,000 m, in rainforests. Queensland. MORETON DistricT: Upper Brookfield, Jun 1926, White s.n.. Mt Glorious, Jan 1945, Clemens s.n. DARLING Downs District: Emu Vale on T.R. 399, Nov 1950 (BRI 161867); Bunya Mts, Oct 1919, White s.n. New. South Wales: Hastings River District, Sep 1892 Browns.n., Clarence River, Wilcox s.n., 17 km NNW Dungog, May 1960, Story 7330; Terragon, 20 km S of Murwillumbah on Kyogie Road, May 1978, Jessup 118. . Common Name: Native Tamarind. Uses: Acid fruits (aril) have been used for jam making and for acid drinks. Tim- ber is said to be suitable for general indoor work. In making the combination Dip/log/ottis australis, Radlkofer cited it as D. australis (Cunn.) Radlk. and cited Stadmannia australis Cunn. as a synonym. Radikofer intended to base his name on S. australis Cunn. In his references to S. australis he also cited G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1 (1831) 669. Curiningham’s name was published as a synonym without description whereas Don’s was validly published and consequently Radikofer’s name has often been cited as D. australis (G. Don) Radlk. The protologue of Stadtmannia australis G. Don does not apply to the plant de- scribed as Cupania cunninghamii (to which Hooker referred S. australis Cunn.) and by Radikofer as Diploglottis australis. Radlkofer noted that Don had drawn up his descrip- tion from a cultivated plant and that Cunningham had not been mentioned by Don. It has been suggested that Don described a young plant with few leaflets but this is unlikely as he described it as a spreading tree and noted that it was propagated by cut- tings. As Cupania cunninghamii Hook. and Stadtmannia australis G. Don are not con- specific the latter should be disregarded in deciding the correct name for the Austra- lian plant. The combination D. cunninghamii Hook.) Hook.f. based on Cupania cun- ninghamii Hook. must be used instead of D. australis Radlk. The last should be regarded as a new name, not as a new combination, as it was based on an illegitimate name. 8. Diploglottis diphyllostegia (F. Muell.) F.M. Bailey, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 1:148 (1885), Qd FI. 1:287 (1899). Based on Cupania diphyllostegia F. Muell., Fragm. 5:145 (1866). Ratonia AEROS F. Muell. Lc., pro syn. Type: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy (not seen). Diploglottis cunninghamii Hook. f. var. diphyllostegia J.F. Bailey, Qd Agric. J. 5:396 (Oct 1899): Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:906 (1927). met cunninghamii Hook. f. var. muelleri F.M. Bailey, Qd Fl. 1:287 (Dec 1899). Trees 10—30 m tall and to 30 cm girth; young parts densely hairy with spreading pale rusty villous hairs, young leaves rusty velutinous; branchlets usually fluted, tomentose with pale curly hairs intermingled with long spreading rusty hairs, minutely lenticellate. Leaves with petiole 14—38(—70) cm long, with 2—9 leaflets © 398 each side of rachis; petioles 3—5(—11) cm, ribbed, broad at trisculate base, pubes- cent; rachises ribbed, 3—7(—21) cm, pubescent; pinnae alternate or subopposite, elliptic-oblong, subobovate-elliptic, oblong or obovate, usually broader above the middle, tips acuminate (usually abruptly and shortly acute-acuminate) or obtuse, sometimes nearly rounded, margins repand, bases oblique, obtuse or acute, 4.5— 18.5(—23) x 2—7.5(—9.5) cm, glabrous or puberulent on the nerves above, rusty pubescent or puberulent below, semicoriaceous, lateral nerves 14—22 pairs, subobli- que; petiolules 2—6 mm, broad at base, pubescent. Thyrsiform panicles axillary or pseudoterminal, usually clustered at tips of branchlets below velutinous young leaves, mainly polygamo-gynomonoecious, copiously flowered, 14—-29 x 2—26 cm, _ peduncles densely hairy with long spreading crinkly hairs, laxly branched, branches ‘divaricate, slender, ribbed, cymules 4—7-flowered; bracts ovate-oblong, 4—5 x 1 mm, tomentose outside. Flowers 4—5 mm diam., males smaller; pedicels 2—6 mm, pubescent; calyx lobes ovate, 2—2.5 x 1.5—2 mm, petals 4 or 5, if 5 then one slightly reduced and crestless, spathulate, long clawed, 3—3.5 x 2.5 mm, glabrous; scales bilobed, as long as petals, hairy on margins, crests fleshy; disc crescent-shaped or nearly complete, fleshy, glabrous; stamens 8, filaments 2—3 mm, puberulent or glabrescent, ovary villous tomentose, styles stout, glabrous. Capsules yellowish or orange, transversely ellipsoid 3 or 2-sulcate, 0.8—1.7 x 1.5—2.8 cm; or l-lobed, globose, 1.3—1.7 x 1.4—1.7 cm; lobes subglobose, chartaceous, pale rusty tomentose outside, pubescent inside, aril acidic, orange-yellow enclosing seed. Queensland, Claudie River to Eungella Range usually at high altitudes (to 800 m) at edge of rainforest or riverside scrubs. Cook DIstRicT: Claudie River (12°45’S, 143°20’E), Oct 1973, Hyland 7001; Annan River, June 1962, Gittins 564; S.F.R. 310, Goldsborough L.A. (17°13’S, 145°47’E), Sep 1972, Moriarty 1167, Wongabel S.F.R. 191, (17°20’S, 145°28’E), Oct 1975, Brasselfs.n., near Atherton (approx. 17°10’S, 145°30'E), Jul 1972, Beamish s.n., $.F.R. 185 Danbulla, Sept 1929, Doggreifs.n. NORTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Jarra Creek, Tully area, Dec 1952, White 432; Rockingham Bay, Baifey s.n., Herbert River, Eaton s.n., Strathdickie near Proserpine, Oct 1936, McPherson 90, SOUTH KENNEDY D Isrict: 29 km W of Mackay, Nov 1976, Turners.n.; rue Range, Oct 1922, Francis s.n. L EICHHARDT DISTRICT: Bee Creek (21°S, 148°E), Clemenss.n. (BRI Quite a variable species; e.g. specimens from around Eungella Range and Proser- pine usually have fewer leaflets which are obovate with obtuse apices. ATALAYA | ATALAYA Blume, Rumph. 3 : 186 (1847). Type species: A. salicifolia (A. DC.) Blume, based on Sapindus salicifolia A. DC. Dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves paripinnate- rarely imparipinnate or simple; petioles and rachises winged in some species; pinnae in 1—6(—10) opposite or alter- nate pairs, in most species long and narrow, margins entire, coriaceous, lateral nerves usually fine; sessile or petiolulate. Thyrsiform panicles terminal or in upper axils, usually large and copiously flowered; cymules shortly stalked, dichasial or pleiochasial. Flowers polygamous; pedicellate; bracteate; sepals 5, imbricate, une- qual, suborbicular or elliptic-obovate, concave; petals 4 or 5, elliptic-obovate shortly clawed, usually appressed hairy on outside with glabrous apical margin, scales bilobed, rarely minute; crests usually absent (present in one species), or scales pro- vided with slender appendages; discs annular, complete (incomplete in one species); stamens 8, filaments erect, pilose, anthers oblongoid, usually glabrous; ovaries -obovoid, 3-lobed, with 1 ovule per loculus. Fruits divaricately 3 or 2(—1)-lobed, apiculate (residual style), separating into indehiscent, l-seeded dorsally winged samaras;, samaras mostly obliquely depressed obovate; wings laterally elongated or + erect, truncate, obtuse; seeds without an aril. 399 Eleven species from Africa to E. Malaysia, Papua and Australia; nine (four new) in Australia. 1. Leaves simple, rarely pinnate. Petals densely hairy all over on outside with sericeous white long IBS Soa tity ATS a ean aoe Mee aid da ot La teat abel ier. df l. A. sericopetala Leaves pinnate rarely simple (abnormal). Petals usually hairy from above middle to base, apical margin puberulent or glabrous......0.0 0000 eee eee eee eee ee nee tenes 2. Rachises and petioles broadly winged with leaf-like closely and prominently reticulate wings. Pinnacisvalhy sessile ut ie, cade esate dara aa aan eed Vlad etalon « 2. A. variifolia Rachises and petioles rarely winged (except in juvenile ones), wings if present narrow, not as above, Pinnae petioltilate....4. -.aas4.45 sateen ce eee eee Male teen e ages Ogee 04 RE a doe gene 4 3 3. Pinnae usually linear and long and falcate, more than 4 times as long as wide, 0.3—1.5 cm wide, rachis and petioles often narrowly winged Fairies te cme tel ah es a Dhl ed A ast ath acy Sat d aneeka cart 4 Pinnae not as above, less than 4 times as long : as wide, 1.5—7.5 cm wide; rachis and petiole MANDIGSSD 6.2 202 ¢ad20S> aR dae oGaels eee Ge Oe eee g wee es pp SOPIOS DA de doa, Oe Sede eeraaGeD 6 4. Pinnae green on both surfaces; glabrous; usually 2 or 4; rachis and petioles often winged. Flowers Avid (Puts SlABHOUS FS ia ela ata wea ays tiie eee ea le AAD lage oe Badd ee ba eb Ss 3. A. salicifolia Pinnae glaucous especially on lower surface; glabrous or puberulent; 2-17; rachis and petiole sometimes narrowly winged. Flowers and fruits usually hairy..........00.... 0000. c cee crane eee 5 5. Pinnae usually 2—4 (rarely —6 or —10), opposite, 6—16 x 0.3—1.5(—2) cm, usually puberulent below, rachises rarely winged (except in some juvenile ones}. Flowers 8—14 mm pitta) eS as TS cy aa ee bn wap dunge dinate apie ate Lid edtaty ana tiene dha dy Ai AReadenutey 4. A. hemiglauca Pinnae 8—12(—21), very rarely fewer, opposite or alternate, 1.5—7 x 0.2—0.5 (—1) cm, glabrous; rachises narrowly winged. Flowers 5—9 mm diam MP AN te id turstpyidateataNed 5. A. angustifolia 6. Pinnae usually 1— paired (rarely 2 pairs), obovate or obovate-elliptic-oblong, tips rounded, broad, truncate or retuse; lower surfaces usually glaucous .....0.00.0 000 ccc ee eee etn 7 Pinnae in 2 or 3 pairs (rarely 1 pair), elliptic oblong, subobovate, broadly ovate or narrowly elliptic ovate-oblong, tips obtuse, rounded, or acute; lower surfaces not glaucous...............+-- 8 7. Pinnae 2—4, with acute or cuneate decurrent bases, glabrous, with numerous prominent oblique lateral nerves. Petals 4, crested; disc incomplete crescent-shaped. Fruits with obliquely oblong spathulate, divaricate, glabrous TIES cs nt £5 3 Pade hese Da Tepe en tate ate ae 6. A. multiflora Pinnae 2, with very oblique unequal bases; hairy; with few lax lateral nerves. Petals 5, not crested; disc complete, annular. Fruits with oblong cuneate, truncate, hairy wings ...... 7. A. calcicola 8. Pinnae long petiolulate (petiolules 1—3.5 cm long); bases unequal, truncate, (cut on one side to second last pair of lateral nerves); surfaces shiny, vernicose, hard and rigid. Peduncles usually very angular. Panicles 25—38 x 24—33 cm with copiously flowered cymules. Flowers large, 8—10 mm diam.; sepals and petals membranous; petals 7-8 x 3.5—4 mm........... 8. A. rigida Pinnae shortly petiolulate (petiolules 3~6 mm long); bases oblique obtuse; surfaces not hard and rigid, and shiny. Peduncles not angular. Panicles 1O—24 x 13—24 cm, with few flowered cymules. Flowers small, 4.5—6.5 mm diam; sepals coriaceous; petals AST 2 TIS oles. gs stacy en Ps are aha Ro eatoara aad sea Dh bok be en stne oes 9. A. australiana 1. Atalaya sericopetala S.T. Reynolds, species nova affinis A. australiana follis plerumque simplicibus et petalis extus omnine sericeis praesertim differt. Typus: Cook District: Morehead River, 102.4 km N of Laura, 6 Sep 1971, A.K. Irvine 53 (BRI holo, QRS iso). Shrubs or small trees 2—3 m, young parts, peduncles and pedicels finely pubes- cent with pale rusty hairs; branchlets slightly ribbed, striate, somewhat viscid, len- ticellate, pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves simple or paripinnate with 3—4 pairs of leaflets; simple ones elliptic or elliptic-subobovate-oblong, 4.5—-17 x 2—8 cm; petioles 0.5—3.5 cm, terete, pulvinate, glabrous; rachises 3.5—7 cm, terete, wing- less; pinnae elliptic or oblong-ovate, 8—9.5 x 3.5—5 cm, tips obtuse, margins wavy, bases oblique, obtuse, subequal, puberulent especially below, coriaceous, shiny above, midribs ridged above, usually hairy, lateral nerves 10— 6 pairs, reticulation prominent, petiolules 0.8— lem, pulvinate. Panicles large, copiously flowered, 8—27 x 2—22 cm, peduncles finely ribbed, ultimate cymules 3—7-flowered. Buds sericeous; flowers cream, 4—6 mm diam. males smaller; pedicels to 2.5 mm long; sepals elliptic-oblong, 2.5—3 x 2 mm, densely sericeous outside; petals 3—3.5 x 1,5—2 mm, densely sericeous hairy over the whole surface on outside, scales bilobed or subentire, densely hairy on margins, crests absent; disc annular, glabrous, often resinous; filaments densely hairy, 2—3 mm long. Samaras 2.5—3.2 cm long, yellow pubescent; wings + erect, divaricate, obliquely oblong-cuneate, recurved, to 1.4 cm wide at broadest part, margins subentire. 400 Northern Queensland from Coen to McLeod River, W of Mossman, in mon- soon and riverine forests. Cook DIsTRIcT: Coen, Jan 1906, Garraway s.n., 3.2 km S of Bathurst Bay (14° — S, 144° — E), Sep 1970, Hyland 4656; Groganville (16°25’S, 144°20'E), Dec. 1974, Hyland 7928. The new species is allied to A. australiana from which it differs particularly in the usually simple leaves and petals densely sericeous all over the outer surface. 2. Atalaya vartifolia F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Aust. 1:463 (1863); F.M. Bailey, Qd F1. 1:300 (1899): Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:900 (1927); Radlk., Das Pflanzen. Sapin. 2, 94b:611 (1932). Based on Thouinia variifolia F. Muell., Fragm. 1:45 (1858), Syntypes: Tropical Australia (Sea Range; Macadam Range; near Fitzmaurice River), F Mueller (none seen). . Small trees 3—8 m; young parts velvety tomentose, branchlets and peduncles slightly ribbed, velvety hairy, lenticellate. Leaves pari- or imparipinnate, often simple with or without lobes, 13—40 cm long including petiole; petioles 3.5— 10.5 cm long, broadly winged at apex tapering to base; rachises 3.5— 14(— 18) cm, with 2—7 sessile or subsessile leaflets; wings of rachis and petiole, oblique, subequal, leaf-like; pinnae subopposite or alternate, variable, mostly narrowly elliptic oblong, apices obtuse, margins entire, repand, bases acute, decurrent, 7—23 x 1.2—2 cm, glabrous or lower surfaces puberulent, coriaceous, midribs ridged above, broad and prominent below, reticulation dense; petiolules to 2 mm long, tumid, often obsolete. Panicles terminal, usually laxly branched and copiously flowered, 10O—24 x 6—24 cm. Buds yellow hairy; flowers creamy white, about 5 mm diam.; pedicels 5—7 mm long, villous; sepals ovate-orbicular, 2—3.5 x 1.5—2 mm, membranous, sericeous pubescent out- side, petals obovate shortly and abruptly clawed, 6 x 4 mm, pubescent on outside from middle to base, margins ciliolate; scales bilobed with linear appendages, villous; filaments pilose, 5 mm long; ovaries villous. Samaras with :£ erect wings, to 5.5 cm long, tomentose; wings depressed obovate, broadest part of wing 1.5—1.8 cm wide, margins crenulate or subentire. Northern Australia from Weipa to Irvinebank in Queensland, Darwin-Gulf area, Northern Territory and Kimberley Province, Western Australia, in a variety of habitats. Northern Territory. E. Alligator R, near crossing, Nov 1972, Ayrnes & Martensz 2820, Oenpelli (12°18'S, 133°4’E), Oct 1948, Specht 1265, Western Australia: Kimberley Province, Lazarides s.n. Queensland, Cook District; Weipa, Nov 1969, Nicholsons.n., N of Palmerville (15°39’S, 144°05’E), Nov aes ey 1856; Channel Rd. between Walsh River Crossing & Dimbulah (17°19’S, 145°15'E), Oct 1975, yiand . 3. Atalaya salicifolia (DC.) Blume, Rumphia 3:186 (1847); Benth., Fl. Aust. 1:463 (1863); Radik., Das Pflanzen. Sapin. 2, 98b:609 (1932). Based on Sapindus salicifolius DC., Prod. 1:608, n 13 (1824). Type: Timor (not seen). Thouinia australis A. Rich., Sert. Astro. t. 12, 31 (1834). Type: Melville Island, Fraser (not seen). Atalaya australis (A. Rich.) F. Muell., Fragm. 1:46 (1858). Based on Thouinia australis A. Rich, Atalaya salicifolia (DC.) Blume var. intermedia C.A. Gardner, Bot. Notes Kim- berley Div. W.A., 61 (1821). Type: Carson River, Sep 1921, C.A. Gardner 1556 (PERTH, iso). Atalaya virens C.T, White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 55:62 (1944). Type: Eidsvold, Dr. T.L. Bancroft (BRI, holo). Shrubs to spreading trees with drooping branches 3—10 m; bark grey with transverse ridges, young parts puberulent, branchlets pale with minute lenticels. Leaves paripinnate with | —2(—3) pairs of leaflets, 2—18 cm long including petiole; petioles 1.5—6(—8) cm, pulvinate; rachises 1—3(—9) cm long, rachises and petioles usually narrowly winged; pinnae opposite, narrowly elliptic-oblong or obovate- 401 oblong, obtuse or subacute at apices, acute at bases, 4.5—8.5 x 0.7—1.8 cm Guveniles to 16x 4cm), glabrous rarely puberulent, green on both surfaces, shiny above; lateral nerves 11—14 pairs, fine; petiolules 1—5 mm long, pulvinate, subglabrous. Panicles terminal! or axillary, laxly branched, 8—26 cm long and to 16 cm wide, peduncles puberulent to glabrous; bracts to 1 mm long. Buds usually glabrous; flowers 7—10 mim in diam.;, pedicels 4—7 mm, subglabrous; sepals 2—3 x 1.5—3 mm, glabrous; petals obovate, abruptly shortly clawed, S—7 x 2.5—3.5 mm, puberulent towards the base outside, scales bilobed as long as petals, hairy, with 2 slender appendages; discs annular, glabrous; filaments pilose, 3—3.5 mm long; ovaries 2 or 3—lobed, slightly villous hairy on angles otherwise glabrous. Samaras glabrous, with + divaricate, fal- cate obovate-oblong wings, 2.5—3.5 cm long, broadest part of wing to 2 cm wide. From Timor to Torres Strait, northern Queensland to as far south as Richmond: River, New South Wales; also in Northern Territory and Western Australia. In dry rainforests on stony soil, usually on hillsides. Timor: South, Middle Timor, alt. 700 m (BRI 244164). Western Australia: Carson River, Sep 1921, Gardner s.n, (PERTH); Careening Bay, Oct 1820, Cunningham (K). Queensland. Cook DISTRICT: Torres Straits, S.E. of Prince of Wales Island, off Packe Is., Feb 1975, Cameron 20107 & 20108; about 3.2 km S.E, of Coen, to N of Port Stewart Rd, Oct 1962, Smith 11990. NorRTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Kinrara (18°30'S, 145°3’E), Nov 1941, Blake 14443. Port Curtis District: Butlerville via Mt Larcom, Oct 1962, Roffe s.n. LEICHHARDT DISTRICT: Gogango Ra near Edungalba, Sep 1943, Blake 15347. WIDE BAy DISTRICT: Big- genden, Oct 1930, White 7337. BURNETT DISTRICT: Goodnight scrub about 65 km SW of Bundaberg, Jun 1957, Smith 9855. MORETON DISTRICT: Blackbutt Ra (26°S, 152°E approx.), Dec 1968, Trapnell & Williams s.y.; between Lake Moogerah and Boonah, Sep 1977, Jessup 10. New South Wales. Reported from Lismore to Warialda. Kyogle, Dec 1942, King s.n. Common name: Whitewood. 4, Atalaya hemiglauca (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Aust. 1:463 (1863); F.M. Bailey, Qd Fi. 1:300 (1899); Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:900 (1927): Radlk., Das Pflanzen. Sapin. 2,98b:610 (1932). Based on Thouinia hemiglauca F. Muell., Fragm., 1:98 (1863). Types: Mt Murchison,” Dallachy & Goodwin (not seen); N.W. Coast, Bynoe (K); Hammersley Range, Nichol Bay, F. Gre- gory (MEL 74649); Rockhampton, Canoona Rd, Thozet (MEL 74650); Albert River, Henne (MEL 74651); Moonie River, Mitchell (K); Liverpool Plains, May 1925, A. Cunningham (K) More or less glaucous small trees, 3—6m; young parts pubefulent; branchlets striate, lenticels minute. Leaves paripinnate with 1—3(—6) pairs of leaflets, rarely leaves simple and broad, ovate; petioles 0.8—4.5 cm, terete, pulvinate, usually wing- less, subglabrous or glabrous; rachises 1.2—4.5(—8.5) cm long, winged only in juvenile leaves, then to 18 cm long; pinnae opposite, elongate, narrowly elliptic-obo- vate or oblong-ovate or linear-oblong, usually falcate, tips obtuse or subacute, bases usually acute, 6—16(—20) x 0.3—1.5(—2) cm, glabrous or with short appressed puberulence, coriaceous, dull bluish-green, drying glaucous below; petiolules 1—5 mm long, pulvinate. Panicles terminal or axillary, laxly branched, 6—18(—23) cm long and as wide, peduncles puberulent or glabrous, bracts 2—3 x 1.5 mm, ovate. Buds sericeous; flowers white, fragrant, 0.6—1 x 1—1.4 cm; pedicels 2.5 mm long, puberulent; sepals obovate, 2.5—5 x 2—3 mm, pubescent to glabrous; petals obovate shortly clawed, to 8 x 3.5 mm, sericeous especially towards the base on outside, margins glabrous; scales bilobed, crestless, villous; filaments 2.54 mm long, pubes- cent; ovaries usually velvety hairy. Samaras with usually + erect wings, 2.1—3.8 cm long, tomentose to puberulent with appressed hairs; wings depressed obovate, tru- ncate with crispate or crenate margins, 1—1.3 cm wide at broadest part. A widespread inland species in all states except Victoria and Tasmania, common in tropical Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia, western New South Wales and South Australia, growing-in a variety of soils in dry open mixed forests, edges of brigalow scrubs and deserts. 402 Northern Territory: Argadargarda S.R., 18 bore, Sep 1954, Chippendales.n. (NT 298), 32 km W of Katherine, Sep 1961, Speck 1663; 18.7 km N of Daly Waters P.O., Sep 1957, Chippendale s.n. (NT 3748), 112 km SE Ringwood Homestead, Simpson Desert, Oct 1954, Winkworth 633. Western Australia: Round Kununurra-Ord Dam and Wyndham Rd, Sep 1970, Scarth-Johnson 536, 11.2 km S of Derby, Sep 1959, Lazarides 6585, Halls Creek, Sep 1970, Scarth-Johnson 578. Queensland: CooK DISTRICT: about 32 km WNW of Chillagoe, Nov 1965, Pedley 1825; 3 km E of Inverleigh on Normanton Rd, Oct 1977, Irvine 1871; Lyndhurst Station Einsleigh River, Sep 1937, Brass & White 335. NORTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: about 96 km S of Mt Garnet and 80 km W of Ingham, Oct 1967, Morain 130, Lower Burdekin River, 1962, Wyatt 16. BURKE District: Hughenden, Oct 1935, Blake 9991, Mt Isa, Oct 1974, Specht & Rogers 68 & 137, Doomadgee Mission, Whitehouse s.n. LEICHHARDT DISTRICT: Boot Hill Ck about 70 km SW of Sarina, Apr 1970, Williamss.n., Mt Playfair about 96 km ESE of Tambo, Oct 1963, Biddulphs.n. MITCHELL DisTRICcT: 48 km NE of Longreach, Sep 1967, A¢cCray s.n., Blackall, Oct 1937, Everist 1563. GREGORY NORTH DISTRICT: Between Glenormiston and Toko Ranges, Jan — Feb 1935, Boyles.n.; 19 km NNW of Pathungra (22°12’S, 140°34'E), Sep 1977, Purdie 1028. SOUTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: 120 km N of Belyando River, Aug 1973, Trapnell & Williams 68. PORT CURTIS DisTRICT: Between St. Lawrence & Marlborough, Oct 1937, White 12093; 2 km S of Rosewood Homestead, Feb 1964, Speck 1808. DARLING Downs DISTRICT: Between Meandarra and Westmar, Nov 1958, Pedley 334; MARANOA DisTRIcT: Murilla, 14.4 km NW of Glen- morgan, Nov 1958, Johnson 636, Gubberamunda near Roma, Oct 1930, Jensen, s.n. WARREGO DISTRICT. Oakwood Station, about 80 km N of-Charleville, Oct 1940, Smith & Everist 869, About 48 km NNE of ‘ Thargomindah along road to Quilpie, Nov 1954, Smith 6067. South Australia: Stevenson River about 10 km E of Pedirka, Sep 1932, Jsing s.n. New South Wales: Warrumbungle — Toorawenah Rd, Dec 1973, Streimann s.n., Monolon Station, 48 km ESE of Milparinka, Oct 1963, Constable 4591. A very variable species in density of indumentum of leaves and flowers; width of leaflets and length of petiolules e.g. Specht & Rogers 68 &137, Irvine 1871, and Purdie 1028, like type from Albert River (Burke District) Henne have very narrow leaflets which are linear-ovate-oblong, falcate, 3—5 mm wide and about 20—30 times as long as wide: subsessile; glabrous; flowers also glabrous, Glaucousness also varies with age. Common Name: Whitewood. _.Uses: The plant is regarded:as a very good fodder tree: Its toxicity has been the sub- ject of considerable investigation; field evidence suggests that it can cause staggers in sheep, cattle and horses (Everist 1974). 5. Atalaya angustifolia $.T. Reynolds species nova A. hemiglaucae proxima a qua praecipue differt foliolatis parvioribus angustis et plerumque pluribus (4—11 paribus). Typus: Cook District: 107.2 km S of Laura (15°40’S, 144°30'E), 17 Sep 1971, A. Irvine 79 (BRI holotypus, QRS isotypus). Shrubs or small trees 0.5—4 m; young parts pubescent; lenticellate. Leaves paripinnate with (i1—)4—6(-—11) pairs of fine narrow leaflets, 9.5—17 cm long including the petiole; petioles 1—3.5 cm, slender, pulvinate, often winged; rachises 2—11 cm, adaxially ridged, narrowly winged; pinnae subsessile or sessile, opposite or alternate, narrow, linear-obovate or linear elliptic-oblong, falcate, apices obtuse or subacute, apiculate, bases attenuate, acute, 1.5—7 x 0.2—0.5(—1) cm, glabrous, dry- ing paler below; lateral nerves and reticulations very fine; petiolules to 1 mm long, tumid, often obsolete. Panicles terminal, copiously flowered, 13—25 x 3—10 cm, peduncles slender, usually pubescent. Flowers creamy white, 5—9 mm diam., females larger; pedicels 3 mm long, pubescent; sepals obovate, orbicular or elliptic, usually thin, 2.5—5 x 2 mm, sericeous pubescent outside with glabrous margins; petals subobovate-orbicular shortly clawed, 4.5—7 x 2—3 mm, hairy outside from middle to base, margins ciliolate; scales bilobed, densely hairy, with 2 slender appen- dages; discs annular, fleshy, glabrous; filaments pilose, 2.5—3 mm long; ovaries tri- gonous, villous tomentose, styles short. Samaras with divaricate or suberect wings, velvety tomentose, 2.5—4.2 cm long; wings obliquely oblong-cuneate, subtruncate, 1.1—2 cm wide at broadest part, margins crispate. Northern Queensland around Cooktown and Laura; in open woodlands or dry scrubs, usually on quartz gravel. 403 M.A.SAUL \\ Figure 27. Atalaya. A. A. salicifolia, Al. Leaf. A2. Fruit. B. A. hemigiauca, fruit. C. A. angustifolia. Cl. Leaf. C2. Fruit. D. A. multiflora, leaf. E. A. sericopetala, leaf. F. A. caleicola. ¥1. Leaf. F2 Fruit. G. A. ausiraliana, leaf. H. A. variifolia, \eaf. 1. A. rigida, 11. Leaf. 12. Fruit. 13. Flower. 404 Cook District: Kennedy River, Oct 1969, Webb & Tracey s.n., Annan River about 8-km SSW of Cooktown, Aug 1959, Smith 10759; 99 km W of Cooktown, Aug 1966, Srory 7968. The new species is closest to A. hemigiauca but differ chiefly in having smaller, narrow and usually more leaflets (4—11 pairs). 6. Atalaya multiflora Benth., Fl. Aust. 1:463 (1863), F.M. Bailey, Qd. Fl. 1:300 (1899); Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:900 (1827); Radlk., Das Pflanzen. Sapin. 2, 28b:607 (1932). Type: Brisbane River, F. Mueller, Dec 1856 (MEL 74652 lec- totypus novus); W. Hill & F. Mueller, 1858 (K, syntype). eae multiflora Baill., Nat. His. Pl. $:419 (1874) based on Atalaya multiflora enth. Small trees; young parts pubescent, branchlets slightly ribbed with minute pale lenticels especially in grooves. Leaves paripinnate with 1—2(—3) pairs of leaflets, 4.5—16 cm long, including petiole; petioles 1—4.5 cm, semiterete, pulvinate; rachises |—2.5(—6) cm, semiterete, winged in juveniles; pinnae opposite, oblong or obovate-elliptic or obovate, apices broad, truncate or retuse, bases cuneate, acute, decurrent into petiolules, or obtuse, usually oblique, 4—9.5(—11.5) x 1.5—4.5(— 7.5) cm, glabrous, coriaceous, upper surfaces glossy, drying dark reddish brown, lower ones paler; lateral nerves subpatent or oblique, nerves and reticulations raised and prominent especially below; petiolules 2—6 mm long, tumid, pulvinate. Panicles terminal or in upper axils, copiously flowered with densely flowered cymules, 4.5— 17(—25) x 5—14 cm, peduncles puberulent; bracts ovate 1.25 mm long. Buds sericeous;, flowers white, 7 mm diam; pedicels 5—6 mm long, pubescent; sepals broadly obovate, 3—3.5 x 2—5 mm, semicoriaceous, sericeous pubescent outside except the margins; petals obovate, clawed, 6 x 3 mm, inside glabrous except densely hairy crested scale, puberulent on claw outside; disc unilateral, glabrous; filaments 4—5 mm long, pilose, ovaries villous at the upper angles, glabrous elsewhere. Samaras with somewhat divaricate oblong cuneate wings, 3.5 cm long, subglabrous,’ broadest part of wing to 1.4 cm wide. Queensland, from Proserpine to near Beechmont. Quite rare, has not been col- lected since 1943, NORTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Kelsey Creek, Proserpine, Thorogood s.n. PORT CURTIS DISTRICT. Rockhampton, Higgins sn. WIDE BAY DISTRICT: Imbil, Dec 1943, Clemens sn. MORETON DISTRICT: Ped- wells Scrub near Samford, Jul 1925, Francis s.n. 7. Atalaya calcicola S.T. Reynolds, species nova, a speciebus ceteris Australianis pari uno foliorum basibus valde ineaqualibus et paginis plerumque pubescentibus. Typus: Cook District: Chillagoe-Aima-den road 5 km from Chillagoe, 10 Mar 1980, Simon & Clarkson 3596 (BRI holotypus). Trees 7—10 m; young parts pale rusty tomentose; branchlets ribbed, velvety with dense crispate hairs intermingled with long simple hairs; young leaves with silky long hairs. Leaves bifoliolate; petioles 1—2.5 cm, isobilateral, tomentose; pinnae opposite, obovate-elliptic with very unequal, subfalcate base, (acute on one side, obtuse and cut to second or third pair of basal lateral nerves on other), tips obtuse emarginate, 6—14 x 2.8—5.5 cm, surfaces pubescent or puberulent with appressed long hairs, midribs tomentose, upper surfaces drying darker, lower ones usually glaucous; lateral nerves 8—10 pairs, lax, reticulations also lax; petiolules 2—4 mm, semiterete, pulvinate, tomentose. Panicles terminal or axillary, laxly branched and flowered, 4—10 cm long and as wide, peduncles densely hairy with both crispate and long spreading hairs. Flowers white, 7 mm diam.;, pedicels 5 mm long, tomentose; sepals broadly ovate, + membranous, 3—4 x 2.5—3 mm, white hairy outside; petals obovate shortly and abruptly clawed, 6 x 2.5 mm, rusty hairy outside, membranous, margins ciliolate, recurved at base with small bilobed or rudimentary. hairy scale, 405 crests absent; disc annular, glabrous; filaments pilose, 3 mm long; ovaries densely villous. Samaras with laterally elongate divergent wings 3.2—5.5 cm long, white tomentose hairy, wings cuneate-oblong, broad, blunt, with wavy crispate margins and apex, broadest part of wing 1.4—4 cm wide. Northern Queensland, restricted to limestone outcrops around Mungana- Chillagoe and Almaden, usually growing in deciduous vine thickets. Cook District: 6.4 km N of Mungana (approx 17°05’S, 144°25’E), May 1970, Webb & Tracey 10197, Chillagoe, in 1962, Webb & Tracey 8028, Almaden-Chillagoe Rd about 5 km from Chillagoe (17°10'S, 144°32’E), Aug 1973, Moriarty 1448. This species differs from other Australian species in having only one pair of leaflets with every unequal bases and their surfaces usually pubescent. 8. Atalaya rigida S.T. Reynolds, species nova. Foliola respectu formae accendentia ad A. australianam sed respectu texturae dura rigidaque; et flores grandiores sunt. Typus: North Kennedy District: Strathdickie North, near Proserpine, Oct 1937, K.A. Macpherson 123 (BRI holotypus, QRS isotypus). Small upright trees, seldom branched; young parts pubescent; branchlets ribbed, minutely pubescent or puberulent with short hairs; lenticels pale. Leaves paripinnate, 1S—19 x 16—23 cm; peticles 2—5.5 cm, terete, trisulcate and pulvinate at base; rachises 3.5—14 cm long, subterete, adaxially ridged, wingless, finely puberulent with 2—4 leaflets on each side; pinnae alternate, broadly ovate or elliptic, tips obtuse, bases subequal, truncate cut on one side to second last pair of lateral nerves, oblique (often obtuse one side and truncate on the other), 10—14.5 x 5.5—7.5 cm, glabrous, thickly coriaceous, usually hard, rigid, shiny and vernicose above, pale below; lateral nerves 8-11 pairs, straight, arched at tips, reticulations dense, prominent; peticlules semiterete, channelled above, 1—3.5 cm, pubescent. Panicles terminal or subter- minal, densely flowered, 25—38 x 24—33 cm; peduncles usually very angular, slightly ribbed, minutely pubescent, cymules copiously flowered; bracts 2 mm long, ovate. Buds-hoary; flowers (female) white, 8-10 mm diam.; petioles 4-6 mm long, tomentose; sepals obovate, 3—3.5 x 2 mm, membranous, hoary pubescent; petals 7—8 x 3.5—4 mm, obovate-oblong, shortly abruptly clawed, white pubescent towards the base and thinning towards apex on outside; scales bilobed, densely villous, crestless, often with slender appendages; disc annular, glabrous; filaments 5 mm long, pilose; ovary trigonous, villous. Samaras with laterally elongate very divari- cate wings 3.5~—-3.8 cm long, pubescent; wings oblong-spathulate, rounded at apex, puberulent or glabrous, to 1.3 cm wide at broadest part, margins subentire. Queensland, Prosperpine area to Mackay. NorTH KENNEDY DistricT: Cannonvale area, in 1976, Wynne 25; South Molle Island, Nov 1954, Fielding s.n. SOUTH K ENNEDY DISTRICT: Mackay, Dec 1938, Mac4rthurs.n. The leaflets of this species approach those of A. australiana with respect to shape but the texture is hard and rigid and the flowers are larger. 9, Atalaya australiana Leenh., Blumea 13:126 (1968). Based on Sapindus ? australis Benth., Fl. Aust. 1:464 (1863); F.M. Bailey, Qd FI. 1:30 (1899). Type: Cape York, Voy. of Rattlesnake, Bot. 489, 27 Oct 1849, J. MacGillivray (K, holo). Atalaya australis (Benth.) Radlk., Sitzungsber. bayer. Akad. 8:298, n 11, 327 1878) nom. illeg. non (A. Rich.) F. Muell., Fragm. 1:46 (1858); F. Muell., Syst. Census 24 (1882) & ed 2:41 (1889); Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:900 (1927); Radik., Das Pflanzen. Sapin. 2, 98b:608 (1932). Based on Sapindus australis Benth., l.c. Misapplied name: Afalaya multiflora Benth., l.c. 463 (1863) p.p. quoad specimens ex: Cape York, Oct 1948 J. MacGillivray, & Trinity Island, 4 Jul 1848, /, MacGillivray (K). 406 Trees 6—20 m; youngér parts, branchlets and peduncles finely pubescent with short straight yellowish hairs; branchlets ribbed with linear lenticels often in the grooves. Leaves 14—25(—32) x 14—20(—36) cm, paripinnate with (1—)2 or 3 pairs of leaflets; petioles 2.2—5.5(—6.5) cm, semiterete, pulvinate and often lenticellate at base, puberulent to glabrous: rachises 1—8( ILS) cm, bisulcate above, wingless, pubescent or subglabrous; pinnae opposite or alternate, elliptic-oblong, obovate-ellip- tic or narrowly elliptic-subovate-obilong, tips rounded, obtuse or acute, margins repand, bases usually oblique, acute, or broad and unequal, 6—14(—21) x 1.7— 6.5(—7.8) cm, glabrous or lower surfaces subglabrous, often thinly coriaceous; lateral nerves 10—16 pairs, usually patent, nerves and reticulations fine, prominent; petiolules 3—-6 mm long, semiterete, often channelled above, pulvinate, pubescent with pale rusty hairs or glabrescent. Panicles terminal, laxly branched and flowered, 10—24 x 13—24 cm, peduncles with pale yellow hairs, cymules few flowered. Buds hoary; flowers cream, 4.5—6.5 mm diam.; pedicels 3—5 mm long, tomentose; sepals elliptic oblong or ovate-elliptic 2—3.5 x 1—2 mm, coriaceous, sericeous or white hairy on outside, apical margin less hairy or glabrous; petals oblong-obovate shortly clawed, 4—5 x 1.5—2 mm, densely appressed hairy on outside from above middle to base with white hairs, margins ciliolate, scales bilobed, densely hairy; disc annular, glabrous; filaments 3 mm long, pilose; ovaries villous. Samaras with + divaricate wings, 2.5—3.7 cm long, pubescent; wings recurved, falcate obovate-spathulate, rounded at apex, puberulent, margins crenulate or subentire towards apex, to 1.2 cm wide at the broadest part (apex). Northern Queensland from Torres Strait to near Proserpine; usually in beach scrubs or strand forests, also monsoon forests in hilly country. Cook DIstRicT: Kubin Village, Banks (Moa) Is, Torres Strait, Aug 1975, Cameron 2474 (QRS), Bamaga, Galloways Creek, in 1962. Webb & Tracey 7108, Red Island Point about 25 km SW of Cape York, Sep 1963, Jones 2478, Oct 1965, Smith 12550, NORTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: 23,6 km N Proserpine P.O., Sep 1977, Guymer 1117 (NE). JAGERA JAGERA Blume, Rumphia 3:155 (1847) Type species: J. speciosa Blume, nom illeg. | (J. javanica (Blume) Blume ex Kalman, based on Garuga javanica Blume). Trees with saponin in bark, twigs, leaves and pericarp; branchlets usually ribbed towards the tip, densely rusty hairy or glabrous. Leaves mostly whorled at tips of branchlets, paripinnate; pinnae usually narrowly ovate-oblong subfalcate, serrate, serrulate or entire at margins, midrib usually excentric, surfaces pellucid punctate. Inflorescences thyrsiform, often clustered at tips of branchlets in axil of young leaves or fallen leaves, polygamo-androdioecious or -andromonoecious, peduncles ribbed, cymules shortly stalked, 2—7 flowered. Flowers small; pedicels articulate towards base; calyces 5—lobed, lobes ovate, imbricate; petals 5, as long as calyx, clawed, with 2 hairy crested scales; disc annular, glabrous; stamens 7—9, usually exerted; fila- ments pilose, anthers oblongoid-obovoid, glabrous or margins sometimes puberu- lent; ovaries sessile, densely setose hairy, 3 or 4— locular, style short. Capsules subgiobose, ellipsoid or oblongoid, usually obscurely 3 or 4—sulcate, apiculate, den- sely rusty setose hairy, 3 or 4-valved; valves woody, verrucose and densely hairy out- side with short hairs intermingled with long setose irritant hairs, villous inside, seeds mostly solitary in each cell, obovoid with small basal, cupular aril. Four species from East Malaysia to New Guinea and Eastern Australia, three (one new and one new record) in Australia. 1. Leaves discolorous, whitish below; leaflets elliptic or elliptic-ovate, entire, 7.5—18.5 x 3—-5 (—6.5) cm; petiolules 8— 14 mm long. Panicles in upper axils or in axil of fallen leaves or PETTUS ol egesrp-aco ot ob doh cdtnroa alo or ev evicly Set ets tae gdh ie dea eaten ae aN AREA tetany Sede 1. J. discolor 407 Leaves not discolorous; leaflets usually obliquely oblong-ovate, subfalcate, (1.5—) 2.5—17.5 x 0.5—5 cm; petiolules 1—5 mm long. Panicles axillary, in upper axils or clustered a tips of branchiets in axil of and below densely hairy very young leaves and bracts................00000005 2 2. Pinnae 8—18 (—20) in number, 2.5—11.5 x 1—3 cm. Panicles 7—25 x 2.2—16 em, usually laxly branched or unbranched. Branchlets mostly slender, densely rusty hairy to glabrous. (Leaves with petiole (8.5—)17—27(—35) cm long). ...... 0.00. c cee cece cence eee eens 2. J. pseudorhus Pinnae 19—24 in number, 6—17.5 x 2—5 cm. Panicles large, 22—36 x 14.5—19 cm, much branched and copiously flowered. Branchlets stout, fluted, velutinous. (Leaves with petiole SET PANG hed sha dtd ct ewrtadunten oh reeuenely De ene ee eee d eediely ete kp ob 3. J. serrata 1. Jagera discolor L.S. Smith ex S.T. Reynolds, species nova differt a ceteris foliolis satis grandibus ellipticis marginibus integris et paginis infernis albescentibus praeditis. Typus: Cook District: Climp Mountain, 7 Nov 1951, £.8. Smith 4977 (BRI holotypus). Trees to 25 m high and to 45 cm girth, buttressed; young parts densely rusty hairy; branchlets, petioles, rachises and petiolules with minute appressed rusty tomentum later glabrous; branchlets rounded usually ribbed towards the tip, with numerous pale ellipsoid lenticels especially in the grooves. Leaves discolorous, with petiole 19—42(—54) cm long, with 3 or 4(—6) leaflets on each side of rachis; petioles 7.5—10.5(—14) cm, subterete, pulvinate at broad base, lenticellate; rachises 4.5—20.5(—53 cm in juveniles) cm, subterete, grooved above, striated below, usually lenticellate,; pinnae alternate or subopposite, elliptic or elliptic-ovate and obli- que or subovate-oblong, tips abruptly and shortly acuminate or acute, margins entire, bases obtuse or acute, unequal, 7.5—15.5(—18.5) x 3—45(—6.5) cm, glabrous above, finely pubescent or puberulent below, lower surfaces papillose, greyish or drying whitish; midribs grooved above, lateral nerves 7—12 pairs, obliquely arched and ascending, usually drying reddish; petiolules 8—16 mm. long, decreasing in size towards the tip, subterete, channelled above. Thyrsiform panicles, polygamo- dioecious, axillary, in upper axils or in axils of fallen leaves, sometimes ramiflorous, 9—14 x 6—8 cm, branching from the base, peduncles densely minutely rusty hairy, ribbed, branches racemiform, slender, divaricate; bracts ovate, 1—3(—5) mm long. Buds subglobose; flowers 4—5.5 mm diam; pedicels 2—4 mm long, pubescent; calyx lobes subequal, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 1—3 x 1.5—2 mm, tomentose outside; petals subspathulate or obovate or suborbicular abruptly contracted into a long claw, crenate or toothed at apex, 2.5 x 2 mm; scales equal, often missing, hairy, crests if present usually small (often absent in females); stamens 7—9, filaments 1.2—3 mm (males longer), pilose, anthers glabrous, 0.5 x 0.3 mm, (usually warty in females); ovaries _ densely setose hairy and often echinate; styles stout. Capsules reddish with dense rusty setose hairs, trigono-globose, carinate at angles, 1.2—1.6 x 1.2—1.8 cm; 3— ee valves drying somewhat woody, densely pale villous hairy inside; seeds shiny, rownish. North Queensland from Mt. Lewis to Mt. Fox and Hinchinbrook Island and also in New Guinea, in high altitude rain forests in mountainous country usually as an understorey tree. New Guinea, NEW Britain: Mt Talawe, Western slope above Tia, Talasea, May 1966, Frodin s.n. (NGF 26792), Morose District, Ridge near Kui village, Oct 1965, Gillison s.n. (NGF 25007). Queens- land: Cook District: Mt Lewis Exp. E/P 18, North Mary L.A. R 143 (16°30'S, 145°16’E), Sep 1973, San- derson 436 (QRS); Copper Lode Falls Dam area, Cairns, Dec 1973, Birch 59, R 756, East Downey L.A. (17°40'S, 145°S0'E), Nov 1971, Risley 28. NORTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Mt Fox, Oct 1949, Clemens s.n.; Moomin, S.F.R. 99, Aug 1953, White s.n. The new species differs from the rest in having fairly large elliptic leaflets with entire margins and whitish lower surfaces. 2. Jagera pseudorhus (A. Rich.) Radlk., Sap. Holl. — Ind. 37 (107) (1877); Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:906 (1927); Francis, Aust. Rain-For. Trees, ed 3:256 (1970). Based on Cupania pseudorhus A. Rich., Sert. Astrolab. 34, f.14 (1834); Benth., “ing. \ Z ye fi ——7, Wf Pn “A