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VOL U NEM eear ir: 1909.
EDITED BY
Rees. Bethune, M.A. DiC Le FRSC:
Professor of Entomology,
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.
Assisted by ALBERT F. WINN, Westmount, P. Q.
EDITING COMMITTEE :
H. H. Lyman, Montreal ; J. D. Evans, Trenton ; Prof. Lochhead, Macdonald College, P.Q.; and J. B. Williams, Toronto.
London, Ontario: The London Printing and Lithographing Company, Limited,
1909.
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL. XLI.
INS hE Cae Ne Bureanvol Entomology: . saeetierns cdeeeenceiees WASHINGTON, D. C. ALDRICH, PROFESSOR J. M., University of Idaho...... ..... Moscow, Ipano. BAM Een Het oe oh SRR E Eee oo ciomcoanoauanrneeer Locan, Urau. BAINES we NIASIFEVAUIN se oto rctecrslelolsifs elcad o.2 cise « « SRB enayetes a ete rele Siete East Farts Cuurcu, Va. BERGR OMG DR aE osm lareie/cte bie sis ec! Se Bras un isle natecnes FitrcusurG, Mass. BETHUNE-BAKER, GEORGE L., ‘‘ Edgbaston”............... BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. BETHUNE, REV. PROF. C.J.S. (The Editor), Ont. Agric. College.GUELPH, ONTARIO. 183122) Doll o 0 Dy 2 Gee ae eect SC SSE AeA EEE to Oe crolcon ona c cease Rye, N. Y. BOWDITCH, FRED. C BROOKLINE, Mass. BRADEEY,, J: GHESEER, Cornell Universityae-.es.eee asec se: IrHaca, N. Y. BRAUN, MISS ANNETTE F., University of Cincinnati........... CINCINNATI, OHIO. 132) 1c UG Dp s Gants (ees MonG. Coe Hee Con ae “cb boRopeat aaa acs Newark, N. J. BROADWEE LS oW) Me Heo. 3 hocscccs. 2 soo trete ten eiteserise errs Newark, N. J. BRODIE. DRAWM:, Educational Museunnt. . eccescns-tenuiee cae TORONTO, ONT.
1531 Po Ofintt Od DAD! Oy ) DPS ee GE ee ont EIR oe aR ear any Aaa ae Catcutta, INpDIA. BUENO WE ROD EAR RORRIB homie esas aebeenesars cet tseeaneets New York.
CAS ENE COLONEMAHOMASII .. . deter can denen meen WasuinotTon, D. C. CAUDETEE, VAGIN., UsiSNational-Museum. (y5.24. snes eee eee WasuHincton, D. C. CEAMIBEIRICUNGY UATE PIMs Wate c aren sists syoteirs +.» sletave a aiahe tists siataterecsieeits Provo, Uran. GCHEMENGE:AVICRO Rie ek eee cee 's ae aay aie Bioersieleielt srk PASADENA, CALIF. COCKERELL, PROF. T. D. A., University of Colorado.......... BouLpDER, CoLo. COOKS JOHN: State! Normali€ollezes.. Gere soceartasie ce ae eee ALBany, N. Y. COORTIDGE KART GRU. ® ; | asieetiy as Wales | COeREI cae awagie Pato AtLTo, CaLir. COOUIELEDT,, D: W.,, USS) National Museum), ee -eme. sce: WasuINGTON, D. C. GRAWFORD, J. C., Bureau of Entomology ................... . Wasuineton, D. C. CROSBYAIGYRUS*S CornellUniversity)-2).0 cece ere een ea IrHaca, N. Y.
TDA TIS SAAN art oP ta a ae 8 We Oe iL haope Oe ae New BriGuHTOoN, St. Ist., N. Y. DUS PAINE ven lee editor of mhe: Zoologistermadecesse ne ceeisiane Lonpon, ENGLAND. DOANE keV e. Stantord) University vss 2: sco clue eerenle eines CALIFORNIA. DiVNRoORenHenG.. Wes. National Milsetimees io cseelecseen vee WasuinctTon, D. C. EASTHAM, J W., Ontario Agricultural College................ GUELPH, ONT. DETER UNIS PN PEON DT O)) RX Cul Dh SEB Wipe oa Aen ae See ae ers ceeeide ne PITTSBURG, Pa.
ESVAAIEN Gomi dye Eide Uh Parse ich tee als aele rae o ates cre Ve ae Sie Raters Susleisteleselsys MarsHaA tt, ILL. LEYLA Ge TBs Cae ae eset cet ae ie Ori ha nee SIE PaSADENA, CALIF. SEINWAETS WeAy litera eterna eee cecee elala caus Meeea lan nets lag alaie nate PASADENA. CALIF. GAHAN WACUB: Maryland Expt (Station)... .g8ec- 4 se<cen see seene COLLEGE Park, Mp. GIBSON, ARTHUR, Central Experimental Farm................. Orrawa, ONT.
MGlgv bibs Ohh: State Acrics Colleme sess acecce ceca Fort Cottins, Coro. GRINNELEGEORDVGE MRI: nln. oc |. SLE dete eats eat PASADENA, CALIF.
(GRO SSBE CRO EHING Aes encanto Ho odaeena ators apeiteralete Sivahe suseoee New Brunswick, N. J. HADDEN. MISS EVELYN, Stanford University................ CALIFORNIA
HOLLAND, DR. W. J., Director Carnegie Museum............ PITTSBURG. PA. HOUGHTON, C. O., Delaware Experimental Station............. Newark, DEL.
EOWA eee: Ont, AcricaCollezesi.. nee eee ole Eesbintcn GUELPH, ONT. JENNINGS, ADE AN Ee iiccce «see ce See ego: cisb ible POMPE eI a Ancon, CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, JENSEN, J. P. Ent. Dept.,. Cornell University.................. ItHaca, N. Y. KIRKALDY, GEORGE W., Sugar Planters’ Assoc.............. Honoiutu, Hawanan Ist. KNAB, FREDERICK, U..S2National Museum. .:... .......322. WasuincotTon, D. C. KODINSKYs JACOB) Boardiot Acricultureme. 5. jecise-) scenes Honotutu, Hawanan Is , LUDLOW, MISS C. S., Army Medical Museum............ .... Wasuincton, D. C. TEVAMAIN ee EL NURSE Eases se Peete ch >)..: MMe Spe Santee yey sere MOontTREAL, QUE. MAGGILLIVRAY, PROF. ALEX. D., Cornell University ........ Iruaca, N. Y MITZMAIN. M. B., Lab. for Plague Suppressive Measures..... Sawn Francisco, Carir, MORRIS, FRANK J. A.. Trinity College School................. Port Hope, Onr. ISTE NAY CLO RYN SBOE Se oh, BEN RE eR, Aree Derroit, MiIcu. NEWCOMER, ERVAL J......... ki slatciete.s + MMS shecais elaie erapeulere dace Pato ALto, CALIF, PATCH. MISS -EDITH M., Maine Agric. Exp. Station ........ Orono, Marne. REARSAL PAVED AT DME Mts tes ee Ame BROOKLYN, N. Y.
PROUD LOUISEB nan SER echoes: « Seeieetn’s. «s,s Be Siar eas oe Lonpon, ENGLAND. ROBBINS Wa was. coeee em eee. «.. . Seis at ast Mera hec ee BouLpER, Coto. ROHWER, S. A., Bureau of Entomology..........:........00--- Wasuincton, D. C. SUZANNE ie) to sD Ae ee 5 Scott ans eter SNR sc: « « MRM aeons cto ase tye Macponatp Cor.kce, P. QO. SANA OH Ret CLAN. Ga Benn Soar h ei AS oe MOO RAPIRRE.o uc Un eee one Eee Boston, Mass.
AVI OR RE View Gas Wey iolopical’ Station ees. .).os sn ee: f.. Departure Bay, Nanarmo, B.C. TOWNSEND, C. H. T., Gypsy Moth Commission..........5.... MELROsE HErGHTs, Mass. WANT DUA BBP Grosvenor iuibrary...... steno: nectesde beet Burrato, N, Y. WALKER, DR. E. M., University of Toronto..................-- Toronto, ONT.
DVVCANIES ON EURCAIN Ke Bed saree oivamer tcl cte sts, | Aenea oiates sole cislerats ALBaNny, N. Y. WEBSTER, PROF. F. M., Bureau of Entomology................ WasuincrTon, D. C. WICKHAM, PROF. H. F., University of Iowa...... ..........- Iowa City, Iowa. WILSON, H. F.. U.S. Bureau of Entomology.................. WasuinoTon, D. C.
NVUUNING SATE BIB Rote Bip ierre rcoten ahi. |. aman rr IM ae BE Westmount. P. Q. Fos INP ALAA 22) 8 O11 7) (122 Ee ee et a ea SR eee Sr. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.
The C anatiay Fntomalogist
Vor XE GUELPH, JANUARY, 19009. No. 1.
PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 26.
THE PREPARATION OF BEETLES FOR THE MICROSCOPE. BY H. F. WICKHAM, IOWA CITY, IOWA.
Twenty-five years ago the use of the compound microscope in the study of beetles was comparatively uncommon, nearly all collectors being satisfied to do what they could with a hand lens and to take the rest on trust, sending the majority of their smaller captures to some ‘‘authority” whose word must necessarily be law. There is now a decided and grow- ing tendency in America to break away from the traditional method of obtaining names, and this feeling is reflected in several letters received from correspondents asking information on matters of technic. The accompanying notes are offered as an outline which may be followed at light expense by any one who has access to a microscope, and while no originality is claimed for the processes, they are presented in this form in hope that they may benefit some student who has not the privilege of studying under professional supervision, and who is without rnanuals on microscopical methods. While capable of extension and modification in many directions, the plan here outlined suffices for all ordinary study of external structures so far as they concern the present-day classification of Coleoptera. Larve may be prepared in the same way.
Such structures as those pertaining to the sclerites of the ventral surface, the main points of sculpture and vestiture, the insertion and general form of the antennz, and even the shape and armature of the mentum may be made out with comparatively little difficulty in all but the smallest beetles by any one who has a good hand lens and who will take pains to compare these structures as illustrated by a few identified forms with those he desires to investigate. In other words, progress should be from the known to the unknown rather than the taking up of the latter as a distinct proposition. Ordinarily the parts requiring investigation under high power are the legs and antenne of small species, with the aim of determining accurately the number and proportions of the joints, the extent of anchylosis, and so on; the mouth-parts of even the larger
bo
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
species ; occasionally the spiracles are of great interest, though but little studied, while the sculpture and markings of the elytra are sometimes beautifully brought out by rendering them transparent and examining by transmitted light. It is well worth the time of any entomologist to study closely under higher powers the mouth-parts and other appendages of even the larger beetles, as he gains in this way a familiarity with the normal appearance of these structures in various groups, and the interpretation of generic and specific characters in more obscure types becomes a matter of less difficulty. If one has dissected a large number of insects and studied them carefully, he is the better qualified for understanding the visible portions of those forms that are too rare to be cut up or whose integuments are so thick and clumsy as to be unavailable for balsam mounts.
For dissection, alcoholic specimens are usually preferable to dry ones, but the latter may be prepared readily by relaxing in the ordinary manner in a softening dish or by soaking for a few minutes in hot water. The principal objection to the use of dried specimens is that such material is more likely to be dusty and to give trouble in getting clean mounts, or else to contain so much air as to make extra work in getting rid of the resultant bubbles.
The tools needed are few. A pair of fine forceps, a slender-pointed scalpel, and a pair of small scissors with sharp, delicate blades are required, and may be obtained from any dealer in microscopical supplies. These may be supplemented by a couple of dissecting needles, made by cutting off the heads of two insect pins and forcing the blunt ends into handles of soft wood, about the size of ordinary penholders. The needles are useful in holding specimens while cutting. A block of clean soft wood, against which to cut when separating the insect members, will be found convenient and will preserve the edge of the scalpel.
The chemicals required are: (1) a small bottle of 15% aqueous solution of caustic potash ; (2) a quantity of commercial alcohol, which runs about 90% ; (3) some absolute alcohol ; (4) clearing fluid, which may be oil of cloves, or, if preferred, a mixture made by adding pure spirits of turpentine to an equal quantity of liquefied crystals of carbolic. acid ; (5) some hard (dried) Canada balsam dissolved in enough pure benzole to make a freely-flowing fluid. This should be kept in the special balsam bottle sold for the purpose, and may be thinned with more benzole as it becomes thicker with age. The dishes in which the chemical treatments are
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3
carried on should be of some type that is easily covered, for protection of the contents from dust and evaporation, and for the sake of economy should be small. Those known as watch glasses answer well, but deeper glass dishes with separate covers are preferable. The potash mixture may be had at any drug store, the absolute alcohol, clearing fluid, and balsam, as well as the dishes, may be purchased from any good supply house for microscopical materials. Slides and cover-glasses for the mounts are to be procured at the same places.
In dissecting beetles, the following sequence has been found con- venient, though it may be varied in some cases. As each part is cut off it should be placed at once in a dish of clean water.
1. Take off the legs, being careful not to destroy the coxa if it is desired to include that joint in the mount.
2. Remove the elytra and hind wings if they are wanted, otherwise they may be left on the specimen, unless abdominal dissections are required,
3. If the spiracles are to be examined, take the scissors and separate the lower part of the abdomen from the upper, cutting along just below the sharp lateral edge. As a rule the spiracles are found in the upper portion, the lower may usually be discarded.
4. Cut off the head. Remove the antenne carefully by digging them out of the cavities in such a way as not to injure the basal joints. Take off the mandibles by forcing each one outward with the point of a heavy pin until it comes loose at the articulation. Now split the head by forcing the tip of the scalpel (which should be long and slender) into the posterior foramen or neck, opening and cutting through one side against the soft wooden block, afterwards turning the instrument over and cutting through the other side. This will separate the top of the head from the lower half. Remove the labrum from the upper half. From the lower the maxiliz may now easily be dissected, since their baszs are exposed from above, and the labium may be trimmed loose from the remaining tissues. Frequently the mentum is so thick that it is better to study it with a hand lens and to be content with detaching the ligula and palpi for the microscope.
Throughout the process of dissection care must be taken not to allow the specimen to dry, or it will become brittle and permeated with air bubbles. The parts may safely be left in water for a day or two, or they may be started immediately on the processes leading up to the final mounting, the steps being as follows:
4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
1. Place the specimens (except the hind wings, which should not be treated thus) in a dish containing some of the potash solution. This substance disintegrates the muscular and other body tissues quite rapidly, but affects the chitinous framework on which our classifications are based, but very slowly, though the dissolution of enclosed pigments renders the hard parts more transparent. The objects must remain in the potash until they are sufficiently softened to permit of the muscular debris being removed easily and the chitin rendered fairly clear. In many instances this will require but a few hours, or it may take several days, the length of time depending on the thickness, solidity and -pigmentation of the dissection. The true way of judging is through experience, which is soon gained. Ordinarily considerable latitude may be allowed the time of immersion, a few hours more cor less making little difference in the majority of cases. The mouth-parts of most beetles should be soaked at least twenty-four hours, the legs somewhat longer, while the mandibles and elytra are still more refractory. If it is desired to hasten the process the solution may be kept warm, but on the whole it is preferable to carry on all operations at the natural temperature of the room.
2. ‘l'ake the specimens out of the potash and lay them in a dish of clean soft water. By pressure with the finger-tip carefully squeeze out the fluid remains of the internal organs, muscles, and so on, being particular to direct the discharge through a natural opening or through one of the orifices where the member was amputated. Place for a short time in another dish of clean water to get rid of most of the remaining potash.
3. Change the dissections to a dish of commercial alcohol. The hind wings may now be added and carried through the rest of the stages along with the other pieces. Leave in the alcohol for at least several minutes, or until some convenient time when the next change may be made.
4. Remove to absolute acohol, ‘This is for the sake of getting rid of all traces of water, since future successes depend largely upon thorough dehydration. Give the specimens plenty of time, several hours if con- venient, since no damage arises from prolonged immersion.
5. Transfer the parts to clearing fluid. Let them remain in this for several hours, since in thick specimens the process of permeation is slow. Thin structures will clear in a few minutes, but if the work is hurried the balsam is likely to be clouded when the object is mounted.
6. Take one of the glass slips upon which the final mount is to be made, and, after carefully cleaning it, place in the middle a large drop of
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5
balsam. With fine forceps lift the dissections from the clearing fluid and arrange them in the drop in approximately the order you wish to preserve. If necessary apply a little more balsam, then put on a clean cover-glass, pressing it lightly into place. Should too little balsam have been used more may be run in under the edge of the cover by capillary attraction, while any surplus should be left on the slide until dry. Care should be taken to select parts of about the same thickness for each mount, since thick objects like mandibles sometimes hold the cover so far off from smaller parts that these latter will twist and turn before the balsam hardens enough to hold them in place. If it is desired to support the cover in any place, to keep it from rocking out of level, small pieces of glass may be employed, since they are not conspicuous among the dissections. Any disarrangement of the objects may be corrected by inserting a very fine pin under the cover-glass and moving them into the required positions. When everything is satisfactorily placed, set the slide away in some safe spot, where it will lie flat until the balsam hardens. This hardening may be hastened by gentle heat, such as is afforded by a radiator, but the balsam is likely to become discoloured if allowed to get too warm. The process of hardening may not be completed before several weeks, but when it is satisfactorily finished the surplus may be scraped off with a sharp knife and the slide carefully washed with acohol applied on a rag. If this leaves a misty scum, breathe on the glass and polish with a soft cloth, taking care not to tear off the cover-glass and the mount. In final storage the slides should always lie flat, never set them on edge. ‘The manner of labelling may be left to personal-taste, but a convenient method is to paste a square of gummed paper on one end of the slide, writing thereon the necessary data.
Dr. Witt1amM Morton WHEELER, who, during the past summer, accepted the professorship of Economic Entomology in Harvard Uni- versity, has recently been appointed honorary Curator of social insects in the American Museum of Natural History, where, until the present year, he had been Curator of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology since 1902. At the close of his term of service at the Museum, he presented to the institution his entire collection of Formicidee—the result of many years of earnest effort and study—a gift of such value as to make the Museum the possessor of the finest collection of its kind in America, and one of the three largest in the world.— Scence.
6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
EVERES COMYNTAS—AMYNTULA.
In working out the Averes argiades group with Dr. Chapman and Mr. Tutt certain definite specific conclusions have been arrived at.
Coretas is distinct from argiades, and decolorata has been shown to be a colour form of the former ; this Mr. Tutt proves conclusively is the case in the October and November numbers of the Entomologists’ Record, recently issued. In dealing with the Indian species Dr. Chapman and I have found that species considered by De Nicéville to be avgiades resolve themselves into at least three species, if not four. Whilst in China and Japan we have the meeting place of both the European species and the Indian species almost ina state of flux. Argiades and a variety certainly occur there ; farrhasias occurs in Japan, @/pora apparently occurs in China, though we require a little more material to settle the question, and without going into the species occurring in the Malay Region and Australia, which are now well known, we are left in a state of some uncertainty with those obtaining in the Nearctic Region. Comyntas is a very close ally of arg/ades,; in fact, from the genitalia, we should hardly be justified in separating them ; amyntu/a appears to be a form going along the lines that coretas has gone over, but as yet not having gone so far, perhaps, but in England we suffer from a lack of material to enable us to investigate the matter. This, therefore, is the object of my note, Will Canadian entomologists help us? Will any American entomologists who may read these words also help us? If so, we shall be most grateful. I shall be glad to purchase (or to makea return by way of exchange) as much material from different localities as I can get. I am desirous of obtaining all the forms allied to comyntas, and I should like to have specimens from East and West, from North and South, from the Central States ; in fact, from as many localities as possible. I should then be able to deal with the whole group in, I hope, a satisfactory manner, and I trust by the correspondence that may possibly ensue with our fellow-observers acress the water that some new and perchance unrecorded facts concerning the life-histories of the species may be brought to light—Gegorce I. BeruuneE-BakeEr, 19 Clarendon Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, England.
WE REGRET to learn from Science (Dec. 11, 1908) that “Mr. A. H, KIRKLAND, Superintendent of the Massachusetts State work against the Gypsy and Brown-tail moths, has resigned his office.”
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i
LEPIDOPTEROUS GALLS COLLECTED IN THE. VICINITY OF TORONTO. BY DR. WM. BRODIE, TORONTO. Guorimoserema ( Gelechia) Gallaesolidaginis, Riley. (The Low Solidago Gall.)
Galls usually on the lower third of the stems of S. Canadensis, occasionally on the upper third, rarely at the summit of the stem. The galls vary in form from spindle form to prolate and oblate spheroid ; and in size from 10x 21 mm. to 18 x 30 mm.
When young the producer larvee are confined in small cells, but when mature the cells are large, retaining the form of the exterior of the gall, the larvee moving freely about feeding on the interior surface.
~ Some observers say the interior of the gall is lined with silk. I have never found this, but preparatory to the exit, the mature larva before pupating constructs a silken hammock in the upper end of the gall, at right angles to the axis of the gall, and opposite the aperture of exit. The larva resting in this hammock bites out a hole to the epidermis of the gall, which is carefully left. This hole is bevelled towards the outside, and then neatly filled up with the material gnawed out, mixed with a silk- like substance, doubtless from a gland, which forms a tight-fitting, hard plug which cannot be pushed in from the outside, but is easily pushed out from the inside.
The mature pupa places itself on the hammock, and using a part of it as a fulcrum, pushes out the plug, and enters on mature life.
A fair instance of the mental make-up of insects evidences two important attributes of mind, memory and choice.
I have kept up a somewhat continuous acquaintance with this common Solidago gall, its producer, and parasites since the summer of 1856. I have found it in Essex, London, Owen Sound, Bruce Peninsula, Manitoulin, St. Catharines, Napanee, Temagami and Algonquin Park. It is common in Muskoka, we may say common throughout Ontario.
Although most common on S, Canadensis, it is occasionally found on S. nemoralis and S. serotina.
From Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta I had galls sent to me collected from some species of Solidago, which in structure were similar to Toronto galls. But as I failed in rearing producers, identity was uncertain, although the parasites were the same as Toronto species.
Records of annual collections of galls, from 1876 to 1896, showed the time of emergence of the producers to be from about Aug. 20 to Sept.
T, in each year. January, 1909
8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
In a collection of over roo galls, made about 12 miles east of the city, from Sept. 1 to Sept. 15, 1886, all the producers had emerged. About 50% of the galls were parasitized, principally by G. gedlechiae. These, from 12 to 20 pairs from each infested gall,emerged during the last week of September and the first week of October, 1886. I find they always leave the gall before winter.
The Pimplas began to emerge April 17, 1887. Seven pupz of an Ichneumonoid were put in a separate jar, the imagoes began to emerge June 1, 1887, but from one pupa there emerged an Ormyrus, proving this Ormyrus to be a secondary.
From a collection of galls made at Grimsby in May, 1892, the growth of 1891, Pimp/as emerged from June r to June 13, 1892. At this last date galls of the year were fully grown.
The moths pass the winter in some secure dry place, such as under the bark of dead trees. I have kept specimens over winter several times in my cellar, the following season they pair and oviposit on Solidago plants when they are less than half-grown.
The most common primary parasites are the ‘Inflating Chalcid,” of Riley ; Copidosomagelechio, of Howard, which emerges the same season, usually in September ; it is not likely they find another host of the season, but hibernate in the imago form. The inflated skin of the producer larva is like a sack full of the larvee and semipupe of the parasite.
Two common parasites are Pimpla inguisitor and Pimpla pteralis, the last not quite as common ; and that ubiquitous scourge of leaf-eating insects, Cryptus extrematis, not rare. These, with an /chneumonia, not yet identified, are the primary parasites I have had from this gall.
The only secondary parasite which I have found in this gall-life system is that world-wide regulator of life-relationship in the insect world, Dibrachys boucheanus.
I found this secondary in the galls collected near Grimsby and in a lot collected near Prescott. ‘he occurrence of this secondary in the Solidago gall may be of much economic importance, for, as Dibrachys is a check on the primary parasitism of the codling moth, the co-host relationship may be favourable to the secondary oz otherwise.
The agency of parasitism is powerful, and should not be discounted by economic entomologists, and while destroying the injurious, it is wise to utilize the safeguards which nature has provided. It is, unfortunately, true that we know of but few cases in which plant-eating species can be successfully combated while in the imago form.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9
NOTES ON TENTHREDINOIDEA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
BY S. A. ROHWER, BOULDER, COLO.
Paper II (SpEcIES FROM NEBRASKA).*
The material upon which this paper is based belongs to the Univer- sity of Nebraska. I wish to thank Mr. H.S. Smith for the loan of the above-mentioned material.
In Paper I, p. 180, read Zycaota for Lycasta.
Emphytus Gillette, Roh. (Can. ENt., June, 1908, p. 178), equals Emphytus Gillettei, MacG. (Rept. of State Entomologist of Colorado, tg02). This insect is injurious to strawberries around Denver. It was bred by Mr. S. A. Johnson, of Ft. Collins. Commonly called “The Strawberry Saw-fly.”
Dolerus femur-rubrum, n. sp.—Q. Length, 8 mm.; length of anterior wing, 7 mm. Head finely, densely punctured, denser on front, sparser on occiput and cheeks; frontal furrows not extending beyond ocelli ; ocelli in an almost equilateral triangle, distance between hind ocelli less than to the nearest eye margin; antenne rather short, third joint a little longer than fourth ; clypeus deeply emarginate, lobes broad ; middle lobe of mesonotum finely, densely punctured, lateral lobes more sparsely so, and more shining; scutellum about as lateral lobes, perhaps a little denser ; scutellar appendage smooth, shining, middle ridge strong ; mesopleura with large punctures ; mesopectus shining, finely punctured ; claws with a small tooth in about middle ; venation normal ; abdomen shining ; sheath obliquely rounded. Colour black; labrum, tegule, pallid; clypeus and apical palpi joints piceous ; abdominal segments 1-6 ferruginous, venter somewhat brownish ; femora rufous (four posterior pairs somewhat brownish), rest of legs dark brown or black ; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma black ; face and thorax with short white pile.
Habitat.—West Point, Nebr., June, 1888. Type in Nebraska University.
Separated from D. al/bifrons, its nearest ally, by its larger size, the claws with an inner tooth, trochanters and hind tibie being black. It is also somewhat related to D. minusculus, MacG., but the head is without a carina, the lateral lobes of mesonotum are punctured, collar is black, etc.
*Paper I was published in the June number (1908) of the CAN, ENT., Vol, XL, pp. 175-180.
January, 1909
10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
A ¢ from Sioux Co., Nebr., July, may be the male of this species, but Iam not sure. Length, 6 mm.; the lateral lobes of mesonotum are more shining, wings darker, legs below coxe rufous, tarsi infuscated.
Dolerus Piercei, n. sp.— Q. Length, 8 mm; length of anterior wing, 8mm. Head rather densely punctured with large punctures, those on the vertex and occiput sparser ; frontal furrows not extending beyond ocelli: head behind a line joining superior orbits raised ; antennz rather stout, third joint a little longer than fourth ; ocelli in a low triangle ; distance between hind ocelli much less than the distance from them to nearest eye margin; clypeus deeply emarginate, lobes broad, rounded ; middle lobe of mesonotum rather densely punctured, lateral lobes more sparsely punctured ; mesopleura punctured as middle lobe of mesonotum ; meso- pectus shining, with some distinct punctures ; scutellum probably more densely punctured than lateral lobes ; scutellar appendage longitudinally striated ; claws with a middle tooth ; venation normal ; abdomen shining, smooth ; sheath concealed more than usual ; cerci robust. Colour rugo- feriuginous ; head, antennz, spot on middle lobe of mesonotum, scutellum and ap, endage, metanotum, not basal plates, mesopectus, lower part of mesopleura, legs, d/ack ; wings dusky hyaline, nervures and stigma intense black ; head (thorax somewhat) with white pile.
Habitat.—Lincoln, Nebr., April 1g-02, “Immodelle” (W. D. Pierce). Type in the University of Nebraska.
Most closely related to D. bicolor, Beauv., but may be separated by the different sculpture of scutellar appendage, punctures on lateral lobes of mesonotum sparser, head being raised behind eyes, black on middle lobe of mesonotum, rugous lateral lobes, ete.
Dolerus simulans, n. sp.—@. Length, 9 mm.; length of anterior wing, 7mm. Front and lower part of face densely punctured (in some places somewhat striato-punctate) ; head behind a line from superior orbits somewhat raised, this part is more sparsely punctured and is shining ; frontal furrows not extending below ocelli ; ocelli in almost an equilateral triangle, the distance between the hind ocelli much less than to the nearest eye margin; antenne rather stout, third joint somewhat longer than fourth ; clypeus deeply, angularly emarginate, lobes pointed ; mesonotum with large, separated punctures ; scutellum with a little larger and denser punctures ; scutellar appendage striated; mesopleura irregularly roughened ; mesopectus shining, evenly punctured throughout ; claws with an inner tooth, in about the middle ; venation normal ; abdomen shining; sheath broad, pointed at upper apical corner ; cerci shorter than sheath, robust ;
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. agi
apex of abdomen with rather long hair. Colour rugo-ferruginous ; head, antenne, scutellum, metathorax (including basal plates, usually), meso- pleura and pectus, legs, two apical segments of abdomen and sheath, black ; wings smoky-hyaline, nervures and stigma black ; head and thorax with white pile.
flabitat.—Three 92’s, Florissant, Colo., June and July, 1907, on foliage of Salix brachycarpa; 9°, Boulder, Colo., May 12, 1907, on foliage of Salix Jluteosericea (S. A. Rohwer); 9, Doleres, Colo.; 9, Silverton. Colo, iJune-20.1892 (Gy... -Gillette),;; 12; 9's, Utes Creek, Costilla Co., Colo., 9,000 ft., June and July, 1907 (H. 5. Smith, L. Bruner, R. W. Dawson); 9, Ft. Garland, Colo., July 12, 1907 (L. Bruner).
In some specimens there is a black spot on anterior lobe of meso- notum. The basal plates are sometimes rufous. The wings vary some- what in smokiness.
I had confused this with sém7/’s, Nort., but it is quite distinct, easily separated by these characters: The rufous lateral lobes of mesonotum, entirely black legs, having the mesonotum more closely punctured.
Dolerus Coloradensis, Cress —I have seen 6 ¢’s from Ute Creek, Costilla Co., Colo., 9,000 ft., July 9 to 23, 1907 (L. Bruner and R. W. Dawson), which I have called the male of Coloradensis. It may be briefly described as follows: Length, 9 mm.; structure as in 9; black; first five abdominal segments rufous ; wings rather dark. I have seen 9’s of this species from the above locality, Larimer Co., Colo., and Halself, Nebraska, June. The last has the clypeus rufous. Specimens in the Colorado Agricultural College collection, determined by Mr. Harrington as D. tejonensis, Nort., are D. Coloradensis, Cress., so Mr. Weldon’s record of ¢eyonensis from Colorado is a mistake (Can. ENT., Sept. 1, 1907).
Scutellum black ; sides of mesopleura above rufous ; cerci black ; scutellum with a good many punctures ; claw-tooth blunt; wings not at all WEWOMIGNE Sees RA... MER ose es . Coloradensts, Cress.
Scutellum rufous; mesopleura black; cerci rufous; scutellum almost without punctures ; claw-tooth sharp; wings somewhat VASLUIG LIAS Tete ie eed A. tejonensis, Nort.
Schizocerus NVortoni, n. sp.—i¢. Length, 5% mm.; length of anterior wing, 5 mm. Robust. Head narrower than thorax, not very strongly transverse ; eyes prominent, shining, impunctate ; ocelli in a low triangle, distance between the two lateral ocelli about equal to the distance to the nearest eye margin ; frontal furrows indistinct ; ocellar basin almost
ji THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
obsolete ; middle carina strong; antenne reaching to about middle of scutellum, third joint bifurcate, clothed with long black ciliz on under side ; clypeus truncate ; thorax smooth, shining, but not highly polished ; scutellum broadly rounded at apex ; first transverse cubitus wanting ; third cubital cell wider at the top than at the bottom ; stigma regularly rounded on lower margin ; lanceolate cell of hind wings longly petiolate ; claws simple ; posterior femora robust ; abdomen as usual. Colour black ; mandibles and sides of pronotum piceous; basal plates dull brown ; abdomen, except the apical segment and first dorsal segment, ferruginous ; four anterior legs below knees pallid ; wings dusky-hyaline, nervures and stigma dark brown.
Habitat.—Brady Island, on Platte River, Nebraska. Type in the collection of the University of Nebraska.
This species has its nearest ally in S. drunniventris, Cress., but is larger, the tegulz are black, venation is brown, abdomen ferruginous, etc.
Dedicated to the author of the most extensive work on North American Saw-flies.
Schizocerus lineatus, n. sp.— 2. Length, 6 mm.; length of anterior wing, 5 mm. Rather robust. Head narrower than thorax, not strongly narrowly transverse ; eyes prominent, shining, polished ; frontal furrows well defined, broadest where they curve around the ocellar basin ; ocellar basin quite distinct, walls rounded, pointed at lower margin; middle carina high, sharp ; antennal fovez large ; antenne with some black down ; clypeus slightly emarginate ; ocelli in a low triangle; thorax shining ; claws simple ; posterior femora rather robust; posterior tibize about a third longer than their tarsi; first transverse cubital present ; third cubital cell wider at the top than the bottom; second recurrent nervure inter- stitial with second transverse cubitus (in one wing it is received in the second cubital cell) ; abdomen shining ; sheath almost entirely concealed. Colour black; mandibles and ocelli piceous; pronotum, tegule, lateral lobes of mesonotum, sometimes sides of anterior lobe, line on side of abdomen reddish-yellow; four anterior legs below the knees, base of
posterior tibie ye//owish-white; wings hyaline, nervures brown, venation rather weak.
Habitat.— Geneva, Nebraska. Co-types in the collection of Univer- sity of Nebraska and in the author’s collection.
A very distinct species, easily known by its size and the pale yellow- red on the sides of the abdomen. The black of the abdomen varies to pale brown.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13
Schizocerus collaris, n. sp.— 2. Length, 4 mm.; length of anterior wing, 34% mm. Head narrower than thorax, not transverse ; eyes more spherical than usual, shining, impunctate ; ocelli in a low triangle, distance between the two lateral ones about equal to the distance to the nearest eye margin ; frontal furrows broad, distinct, coming up as high as lateral ocelli; ocellar basin distinct, walls rounded; middle carina strong ; antenne clothed with short hair; antennal fovee large, especially in supraclypeal area ; clypeus truncate ; thorax shining ; scutellum obtusely pointed at apex ; claws simple ; hind tibize about a third longer than their tarsi; first transverse cubitus wanting, second recurrent interstitial, or almost so, with second transverse cubitus ; stigma broad at base, tapering to apex ; lanceolate cell of hind wings wanting ; abdomen shining, sheath well concealed. Colour: head black; thorax and abdomen dark brown ; mandibles and ocelli piceous ; pronotum, tegule, line on side of abdomen, reddish-yellow ; four anterior legs below knees and base of posterior tibiz pallid ; posterior femora, trochanters and cox almost black, rest of legs brown ; wings hyaline, venation brown.
Hfabitat.—Antonito, Conejos Co., alt. 7,888 ft., Colorado; also Nebraska, ‘‘office window,” March 24, 1899, and Harlan, Nebr.
A @ from Nebraska has the ocellar basin very poorly defined, but otherwise seem to agree.
Most closely related to S. /izeatus, Roh,, but is much smaller, and the lateral lobes of the mesonotum are dark brown, not reddish-yellow.
FHylotoma nigrescens, 0. sp.— g. Length, 544 mm.; length of anterior wing, 534 mm. Front and occiput subopaque, finely punctured, entire posterior orbits shining, with a few small punctures; frontal furrows distinct, wide and with sloping walls below ocelli; ocelli in a low triangle ; ocellar basin wanting ; middle fovee large, extending almost to lower ocellus, walls sharply defined, broader above than below ; on each side of the broad, high middle carina the supraclypeal area is depressed into a fovea ; clypeus truncate ; third joint of antenne ciliate beneath ; thorax smooth, shining; scutellum obtusely rounded at apex; middle and posterior tibiz with a side spur ; first joint of hind tarsi a little longer than 2+3,; tarsal claws simple; venation normal for members of Section II (Ashm., Can. Ent., 1898) ; abdomen shining. Colour black ; mandibles at apex piceous ; legs beyond femora white; femora dark brown ; basal two-thirds of wing dusky, apical third hyaline, iridescent ; nervures and stigma brown.
14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Habitat.—West Point, Nebraska, July 1, 1887, “on plum.” Type in collection of the University of Nebraska.
_ The following table separates all the entirely black or blue-black fHylotome of boreal North America :
Length, ‘12 Mag Gate ete as 5. eee wey 3, spiculata, MacG. Lenpth, udder tome 20 oS... Maa RS Nees, Bomieed oa I. 1. Colour black ; legs beyond femora pale ; base of wings Gark sii cient ea ene eee Ry,» MMP) 68s re ks nigrescens, Roh. Colour blue-black. eres. » fhe chai Oa ot a 2. Four posterior legs ewer ak; wings vile naa at apex. F es Sos of ace 1 ube ghey ay CORR RMES. 1 OOD Four podteriay on not eentiiely blade wings nialey. ‘sipadice gs aE. 3 3. Four anterior tibiz pale ; costa std yellowish... at dbase iadleu: Four anterior tibiz black ; costa black.... .....:...mentzeli@, Ckil.
Hylotoma grandis, n. sp.— 2. Length, 10-12 mm. Robust. Head narrower than thorax, shining, outer orbits and vertex impunctate, front with a few small punctures ; ocelliin a low triangle ; ocellar basin shallow, joining with the elongate middle fovea; middle fovea with well-defined . walls, narrower below ; middle carina broad, streng ; frontal furrows ex- tending as far down as ocelli; antennal foveze elongate, broad, extending downward to clypeus ; antenne subclavate, second joint shorter than first; clypeus circularly emarginate, densely punctured; mandibles broad ; thorax shining ; posterior angles of pronotum sharp; scutellum convex, rounded at apex ; middle and posterior tibize with lateral spurs ; all the tibial spurs simple, sharp ; tarsal claws simple ; basal nervure joining sub- costa basad to origin of cubitus ; stigma widest at base, tapering to apex ; third cubital cell longer on radius than on cubitus ; hind wings normal ; abdomen as usual. Colour cherry-red ; ocelli piceous ; antenne black ; head, pronotum in the middle, tegulz, entire mesonotum, mesopectus; entire metathorax, all the legs, sheath, b/we black ; wings very dark, darkest on anterior margin. :
g.—Length, 9 mm. Differs from 2 in having the antenne with small hairs, the ocellar basin slightly separated from middle fovea, the basal nervure joining the subcosta at origin of cubitus.
Habitat.—Halsey, Nebr., June, 2 ¢’s, 2 ?’s. Co-types in the col- lection of the University of Nebraska and in the author’s collection.
This species is closest to H. humera/is, Beauv., but the abdomen is without black, second joint of the antenne is shorter than the first, the
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15
third joint of maxillary palpi is not swollen, etc. In the absence of black from the abdomen and other characters it resembles A. miniata, Klug, but the metathorax is blue-black, and all the dark markings of méniata’ are black, while in grandis they are blue-black.
Macrophya pulchelliformis, n. sp.— g. Length, 7 mm.; length of anterior wing, 6%, mm. Head narrower than thorax, densely punctured with rather large punctures; ocelli in almost an equilateral triangle, distance between the lateral ocelli much less than the distance to the nearest eye margin ; third antennal joint a little longer than fourth ; eyes distinctly converging, distance between them at the clypeus a little more than the length of the third antennal joint ; clypeus shallowly, squarely emarginate, lobes broad ; mesonotum, scutellum, mesopleura punctured similarly to head ; mesopectus more sparsely punctured ; all tibial spurs simple ; first joint of hind tarsi equal to 2+3+4; claws rather minutely cleft ; stigma broad at base, tapering to apex ; transverse radial between apex on middle of the cell; transverse median between middle and base of cell ; lanceolate cell contracted ; abdomen minutely punctured. Colour black, subopaque ; clypeus, labrum, spot on mandibles (rest piceous) white; posterior angles of pronotum, tegule, small spot on scutellum, stripe on pleura, four anterior legs below apical third of coxe (the four anterior tarsi are somewhat reddish), basal plates, posterior trochanters, femora and tibiz, except at apex, line on outside of posterior coxee, yellow ; apex of abdomen pallid ; wings subhyaline, nervures and stigma brown.
Habitat.—Lincoln, Nebr., May.. Type in the collection of the University of Nebraska.
This species is nearest pudche//a, Klug, but may be known from it by the coxze being largely black and having the posterior femora entirely yellow.
Macrophya sambuct,n. sp.— 2. Length, 7 mm.; length of anterior wing, 7 mm. Short, robust. Head narrower than thorax, closely, coarsely punctured ; ocelli in a rather low triangle ; distance between the lateral ocelli much less than the distance to the nearest eye margin ; third anten- nal joint longer than fourth; eyes converging, the distance between them at the clypeus about the same as the length of antennal joints 2+ 3 ; clypeus with well-separated punctures, rather deeply, squarely emarginate, lobes broad, rounded at apex ; mesonotum and scutellum finely, densely punctured, the sides of the lobes have the punctures larger; pleura with large, close punctures ; mesopectus with fine, close punctures ; inner. spur
16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
of anterior tibie bifid at apex ; first joint of hind tarsi equal to 2+3+4; claws minutely cleft ; stigma slightly bulging from costa at base, widest in basal middle, from whence it tapers to apex ; venation normal ; abdomen finely punctured, sheath rounded at apex; apex of abdomen with rather long hairs. Colour black ; head and thorax opaque, abdomen shining ; clypeus, labrum, spot on mandibles (rest piceous), w/zfe (in one specimen this white is strongly infuscated) ; broad angles of pronotum, tegule, spot on pleura, scutellum, basal plates, apex of four anterior coxe, four anterior trochanters, four anterior legs below knees (the tarsi are infuscated), stripe on outer side of posterior cox, posterior trochanters, base of femora, posterior tibie except at apex, first joint of hind tarsi except at apex, yellow ; wings yellow-hyaline ; costa, stigma and nervures brown.
Habitat.—Two 9’s, Lincoln, Nebr., April 19, 1902, “on elder” (Sambucus), (W. D. Pierce); 9, Nebraska (J. S. H.). Co-types in col- lection of Univ. of Nebr. and in author’s collection.
This species is related to pulche//a, Klug, but the coxe are largely black. It is probably nearest to zoe, Kby., from which it may be known by having the anterior femora black all the way round, the middle tibiz entirely pale, wing not darker at apex, etc.
Eriocampa rotundiformis, n. sp.—é-. Length, 5% mm.; length of anterior wing, 544 mm. Short, robust, head almost as wide as thorax ; occiput, vertex, cheeks sparsely punctured with large punctures, inner orbits densely punctured; ocelli in an equilateral triangle, distance between the lateral ocelli as great or a little more than the distance to nearest eye margin ; furrow on vertex strong, extending to ocelli; ocellar basin large, well defined, walls sharp, pointed above and extending between lateral ocelli, wall coming to base of each antenna, open at the bottom ; second joint as long as first, but not as broad, third joint as long as 4+5 ; antenne a little thicker in middle ; eyes very large, slightly converging below, distance between them at the clypeus about the same as the length of the third antennal joint; clypeus rather densely punctured, circularly emarginate, lobes pointed ; mesonotum shining, and with very few punc- tures ; pronotum punctured with punctures about the size of those on the head ; scutellum with large punctures, closest anteriorly ; postscutellum densely punctured ; mesopleura with large, close punctures, larger than those on pronotum ; mesopectus shining, in middle with small punctures ; inner spur of anterior tibice bifid at apex ; tarsal claws deeply cleft, inner tooth shorter; abdomen shining, parallel-sided. Colour black, apex of mandibles piceous; ocelli hyaline ; anterior legs below coxe, apex of
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17
middle coxe, their trochanters, femora, except black band on apical half, tibiz and tarsi entirely, posterior trochanter, base of their femora, base of tibiz, and two basal joints of tarsi, wzfe; wings hyaline, venation dark brown. .
Habitat.—West Point, Nebr., June. Type in the collection of University of Nebraska.
Closely related to Hrzocampa rotunda, Nott., but the four anterior femora have no black line above, and the middle femora are banded at apex ; the third antennal joint is not curved.
Pachynematus nigritibialis, 0. sp.—Q. Length,6% mm.; length of anterior wing, 544 mm. Head widened behind eyes, but not strongly so ; frontal furrows distinct ; ocellar basin indistinctly defined ; frontal crest strong, rather pointed, slightly broken in the middle ; two ridges meeting between the antennz form the frontal crest ; middle fovea distinct, oval in shape ; antennez longer than head and thorax, slender, tapering, third and fourth joints equal; antennal fovez large, shallow ; middle carina short, broad below, narrow above; clypeus shallowly, circularly emarginate, lobes small pointed; mesonotum and scutellum shining, with a few irregular punctures ; inner claw tooth distinct, in about middle of claw; stigma broadest in middle, rounded on lower margin; in one specimen the second recurrent is interstitial with second transverse cubitus, in the others it is close to it, but not interstitial ; venation otherwise normal ; sheath rather “ broad, straight above, rounded below. Colour reddish-yellow ; apex of mandibles piceous ; antenne, eyes, spot around ocelli, mesonotum, except sutures, scutellum, metanotum, broad stripe on abdomen above, spot beneath tegule, mesopectus, posterior coxz, spot before them, posterior tibiz and tarsi, sheath, d/uck ; posterior femora at apex dark brown ; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures, costa and stigma dark brown.
Habitat—Two 9’s, West Point, Nebr., June; 1 9, Brownville, Nebr., June 5. Co-types in University of Nebraska and in author’s collec- tion.
In Marlatt’s ‘‘ Revision of Nematine of N. Am.,” this runs to auratus, Marl., but is separated from that by the black mesonotum, black hind tibiee and tarsi, smaller size, not having the sheath so sharply pointed, etc. The head is not strongly developed behind eyes, and it might be said to go to abdominalis, Marl., but it is very different from that species, known at once by the different colour, different claw tooth, etc. The black hind tibiz and tarsi will serve to separate this species from its allies,
18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Pachynematus vernalis, n. sp.—@. Length, 5 mm.; length of anterior wing, 5 mm. Robust, head nearly as wide as thorax, rather sparsely, finely punctured: enlarged behind eyes; ocellar furrows extending below ocelli, a middle furrow from lower oce!lus ; ocellar basin indistinct, frontal crest formed of a wavy ridge above antenne, slightly broken in the middle ; third, fourth and fifth antennal joints equal ; antennez slender, nearly as long as insect, covered with short hairs ; middle fovea rather large, shallow, round; clypeus shallowly, circularly emarginate; mesonotum and scutellum rather finely punctured, inner claw tooth large, near apex (near the apex and longer on the anterior legs) ; second cubital cell small, subquadrate ; second recurrent quite free from second transverse cubitus ; stigma widest at base, gently tapering to apex ; upper discal cell of hind wings slightly exceeding lower, much narrower than lower ; sheath broad, rounded on lower margin, straight on upper; cerci short, stout. Colour reddish-brown ; antenne above at base, eyes, elongate spot on lateral lobes of mesonotum, posterior third of scutellum, spot on metanotum, black ; wings hyaline, iridescent ; nervures brown, costa and stigma yellowish.
Habitat.—One 9? labelled as follows: ‘ Saw-fly on Willow,
Oct. 5, ’89.
Feb. 19, ’90.” Probably from Lincoln, Nebr., and raised from a larva on the Willow. Type in the University of Nebraska.
The size of the claw and its position makes the generic position of this species open to question. After examining it carefully with the com- pound microscope, I think it is a /achynematus. In Marlatt’s table, for Pachynematus it runs to aurantiacus, Marl., but is quite distinct from that species, being known by the slightly broken frontal crest, the shallowly emarginate clypeus, cerci short and stout, head without black, etc. It is not close to any Pfreronus. In Amauronematus it is closely related to brunneus, Nort, and Dyart, Marl., but it is neither of these species.
Amauronematus xanthus, n. sp.—Q. Length. 7 mm.; length of | anterior wing, 63; mm. Head densely, finely punctured, opaque; frontal furrows not clearly defined, not reaching occiput, but reaching antennal foveee; ocellar basin well defined, walls rounded ; frontal crest rather strong, slightly broken in the middle; middle fovea elongate, broader below ; antenne rather stout, joints three, four and five equal ; clypeus rather deeply emarginate, lobes bioad, more or less rounded; thorax above not as densely punctured as head; mesopleura and mesopectus not so
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19
densely punctured as mesonotum, hence more shining; claws deeply cleft, teeth subequal ; stigma rather broad, rounded on lower margin, widest near base ; third cubital cell not strongly diverging, not much longer than the third transverse cubitus ; upper discal cell exceeding lower on outer margin ; sheath broad, rounded on upper and lower margins to an obtuse joint. Colour ferruginous ; face below antenne, clypeus, labrum, man- dibles (apex piceous), posterior angles of pronotum, and tegule, pallid; head back of the eyes, and part of legs, fu/vous ; antenne, eyes and ocelli black (in one specimen the basal plates and part of metanotum are black); wings yellowish-hyaline, iridescent; nervures brown, costa and stigma yellowish, thorax, especially the pieura, with pale pubescence.
- Habitat.—Lincoln, Nebr., two 9@’s, one in April. Co-types in University of Nebraska and in author’s collection.
‘In structure this species is like A. @zscolor, Cress., but differs as follows : Antennal joints 3, 4 and 5 equal, intercostal nervure normal, stigma not acuminate, no black on mesonotum, etc. In colour it is much like Zéneatus, Harrg., but the frontal crest is broken, middle fovea not triangular, ete.
Amauronematus Lincolnensis, n. sp.— 2. Length about 6 mm ; length of anterior wing 6 mm. Head opaque, finely, densely punctured ; ocelli-in a rather lower triangle than usual; ocellar basin only faintly indicated ; frontal crest strongly broken; middle fovea distinct, elongate ; antenne short, stout, third and fourth joints equal; clypeus deeply, narrowly emarginate, lobes broad, rounded ; thorax not so densely punctured as head ; mesopectus smooth, shining ; claws deeply cleft, teeth subequal ; first joint of hind tarsi equal to 2 and 3 ; stigma rounded on lower margin: broadest between middle and base; second r. n. not interstitial with second t. c., but near it ; scutellum with a distinct middle, longitudinal furrow ; postscutellum ridged in middle ; sheath broad, rounded at apex, fringed with black hairs ; cerci long, slender, not tapering. Colour rufo-ferrugi- nous ; apex of mandibles piceous; antenne, eyes, ocelli, interocellar space, furrow of scutellum and apical margin, postscutellum, metanotum in middl2, middle of basal plates, first five abdominal segments, except sides (the black narrows as it nears the apex), margin of sheath, d/ack,; head below antenne, collar, tegule, legs, /zteouws ; wings yellowish hyaline, iridescent ; nervures pale brown, costa and stigma yellowish or pallid ; head and thorax with short white pile.
Habitat.—Lincoln, Nebr., May. Type in the Univ. of Nebraska.
20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
In Marlatt’s table (Nematinz of N. Am.) this species runs between JSulvipes, Nort., and pectoralis, Cress., but is neither of these, as the clypeus is deeply, narrowly emarginate, the middle fovea elongate, etc.
Pristiphora zella, n. sp.—§. Length, 6 mm.; length of anterior wing, 614 mm. Head punctured with medium-sized punctures, rather well separated, closest on inner orbits ; frontal furrows not reaching occiput, but distinct just above the ocelli ; distance between the lateral ocelli more than the distance to the nearest eye margin ; sides of ocellar basin faintly seen below lateral ocelli; middle fovea deep, distinct, slightly elongate ; third antennal joint longer than fourth, but only slightly so ; antennal fovez Jarge ; middle carina rather distinct, round on top ; clypeus very slightly emarginate ; mesonotum punctured, but not so strongly so as head; meso- pleura and mesopectus shining, impunctate ; first joint of hind tarsi longer than 2+3+4; inner claw tooth large, in about middle of claw ; stigma rounded on lower margin; transverse cubitals hyaline; sheath broad, apical margin with long hairs; cerci long. Colour black ; anterior margins of clypeus, labrum, mandibles (apex piceous), broad lateral angles of pro- notum, tegule, legs entirely (femora reddish), sutures of metathorax at sides, between basal plates, venter, pa/id or white; sheath brown ; apex of posterior tibia and their tarsi infuscated ; ocelli (dry) hyaline; wings clear hyaline, iridescent ; venation, except costa, which is pallid, brown ; head and thorax with white pile, longest on clypeus; spot in second cubital cell small.
Habitat.—One 2 from Nebraska, probably from Lincoln, May 5, ’03. Type in collection of Univ. of Nebraska.
In Marlatt’s table (Nematinz of N. Am.) this species runs to Koedelei, Marl. (Wash, and Alaska), but the abdomen above is entirely black, there is no rugous band before scutellum, and the structure of the head is different.
Euura perdita, n. sp.—Q. Length, 4% mm. _ Rather slender; head in the ocellar region with fine, rather dense punctures ; ocelli forming a low triangle ; ocellar basin wanting ; middle fovea shallow, rather indis- tinct, circular ; antennal fovez not large ; antenne medium, third, fourth and fifth joints equal; clypeus angularly emarginate, lobes broad, low, rounded at apex; dorsulum with some fine punctures; tarsal claws minutely cleft ; intercostal nervure slightly basad to basal; transverse median in middle of cell ; upper and lower discal cell of hind wing equal on outer margin ; stigma straight on lower margin until about apical sixth,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21
where it joins the costa abruptly ; sheath broad at base, tapering to an obtuse point. Colour black; posterior and upper orbits, face below antenne, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, except tips which are piceous, palpi, posterior angles of pronotum, tegule, legs entirely, apical segments of venter, reddish-yellow ; flagellum beneath and entire apical joints rufous ; posterior tarsi infuscated. Wings hyaline, nervures pale brown, costa and basal half of stigma pallid.
$.—Length, 4% mm. More slender than ¢@; differs from the 9 as follows: ocellar basin present, but very shallow, bounded by low rounded walls ; middle fovea shallower; stigma rounded on lower margin; lower discal cell of hind wing slightly exceeding lower; clypeus, labrum, mandibles, pallid. The mandibles are sharp, with a small inner tooth ; procidentia rounded at apex.
Habitat.— ¢ , Delta, Colo., April 23,97 (C. P. Gillette), ‘‘ Willow galls”; g, Ft. Collins, Colo., March 30, ’97 (E. G. Titus), ‘‘ emerging from Willow galls collected in Jan.”; @, same as last; ¢, Delta, Colo., April 28, ’97 (C. P. Gillette), ‘‘ Willow galls, flies emerging May 23.” The first @ and ¢ are the types. Type in the collection of the Colorado Agricultural College.
This species falls near /. zvsudaris, Kincaid, and Z. sadicicola, E. A. Sm. It may be known from the former by the different shaped stigma, and from the latter by the more acutely pointed sheath. ‘There are also other characters to separate it from these two species.
MOSQUITO COMMENT. BY C. S. LUDLOW, PH. D.
Laboratory of the Office of the Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, Washington, D, C.
Reference to Dr. Dyar’s recent article* is only necessary because his comment on A. per plexens mihi, may be construed to imply a carelessness in my work which does not exist. Naturally, Dr. Dyar could not know that the only times any interchange of lids has occurred have been when, at the National Museum, he, Dr. Knab and myself were discussing species, and it was impossible for me to keep track of all the lids ; in these cases the mosquitoes were destroyed on my return to my rooms. Moreover, 4. perplexens was found in a box with typical American mosquitoes which were tindoubtedly taken at Gretna, Pa. My boxes are not uniform, nor is more than a small proportion of the collection even temporarily kept in
*Notes on Mosquito Work, Can. EnT., Sept., 1908, page 312. January, 1909
22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
them. Dr. Dyar’s suppositions as to the manner in which any error may have occurred are, therefore, entirely faulty, and he has apparently forgotten that I consulted him on this species, and he advised its publi- cation.
I am myself, however, inclined to believe that a mistake may have been made in the habitat of this specimen, and that it probably is a Philippine mosquito ; just as I feel quite sure that Grabhamia Spencerit, Theob., owes its being reported from the Philippines to my very careful and interested Chinese servant, who, of course, would not realize that a dead mosquito picked up in the house and placed in one of the small boxes on my table could make dire confusion, so a similar interference by some uninformed but well-intentioned person may account for A. fer- plexens. Atall events, if an error has been made it is not due to an interchange of box lids, and my own precautions are such that no trans- position of the mosquitoes themselves could have taken place while in my hands.
In the February number of the CANADIAN Enromococist I described anew anophelina, and referred it to Chagasia. Comparison with the Chagasia in the British Museum leads me to believe it to be new, and I therefore make it the type of a new genus, Ca/vertia, named in honour of Dr. W. J. Calvert, of St. Louis, formerly of the Medical Corps, U. S. Army, at whose suggestion I began the study of Philippine mosquitoes. CALVERTIA, nov. gen.
Head with forked scales, antennz bearing outstanding scales on the second joint and more appressed ones on the first ; thorax with curved and broadly fusiform scales, not markedly outstanding laterally ; abdomen with hairs, and on at least one segment bearing long flat more or less spatulate scales.
The genus lies near Chagasia. .
There have lately been received from the Philippines two new mos-
" quitoes described below.
Anopheles formosus, 0. sp.— (Female. )
Head brown, with light yellow or white long slender ged: scales on the vertex, and projecting forward in a tuft between the eyes, white forked scales on the occiput, and brown forked scales laterad and ventrad ; antenne dark brown, verticels and pubescence brown, basal joint testaceous ; palpi brown, rather heavily scaled, the tip light, and bases of penultimate and antepenultimate joints narrowly light-banded , proboscis
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23
dark brown, the labellz slightly lighter; clypeus brown; eyes dark rich brown.
Thorax beautifully marked ; prothoracic lobes dark brown, with dark brown long flat scales ; mesonotum has the median part a light soft fawn colour covered with light yellow or whitish curved hair-like scales extending from the nape to the scutellum, except a small brown median spot just cephalad of the scutellum, and connecting with the dark median line ; this median part is bordered with a more or less distinct white line, broadening toward the scutellum; there are also broad submedian yellowish stripes extending from the nape about half the length of the mesonotum ; laterad the mesonotum is dark rich brown; scutellum light, continuing the colouring and scales of the medio-mesonotum ; pleura rather grayish, with dark and white bands; metanotum rich yellowish brown.
Abdomen grayish brown, covered with long light yellow hairs.
Legs : coxee and trochanters light, with a little brown; the very bases of the femora light, otherwise the legs are a rich brown, with yellowish knee-spots and narrow yellowish bands at the bases of most of the tarsal joints, generally slightly including the apices of the preceding joint. These bands are on all the tarsal joints of the hind legs, and lacking on the fourth and fifth joints on the fore and mid legs; ungues simple and equal.
Wings yellowish, with brown spots ; two small brown spots on the costa near the base, and two large ones, the proximal including the sub- costa and first longitudinal practically as much as the costa, with a small extension on the root of the second long. vein, and a still smaller one just under the distal end of the large spot; the distal large spot begins just exterior to the junction of the subcosta with the costa, and ending a little interior to the junction of the first long. vein with the costa, and extends onto the first long. and upper fork of the second long. vein, with small spots on the lower fork ; the distal end of the lower fork of the second, of the third, of both forks of the fourth and of the fifth, have heavy dark spots; wing-field somewhat spotted ; fringe is dark except at the junction of the first long. and costa, where it is yellow, and a pale spot midway between the forks of vein 5; cells long, the first submarginal as long as its stem, and a little longer and narrower than the second posterior cell ; supernumerary and mid cross-veins meet, and are about equal in length, posterior cross-vein about as long as the mid, and more than its own length distant.
24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Halteres have light bases, with heavy dark knob.
Length, ro mm. (proboscis 3.5 mm.).
Habitat: Camp John Hay, Benguet, P. I.
Taken March 20, 1908.
This large and beautifully marked Anopheles is the first of this genus to be received from the P. I., and shows the characteristic habitat of Anopheles in the tropics, coming from the high mountain regions of Benguet.
Pseudouranotenia parangensis, n. sp.—(Female).
Head brown, covered with flat scales, dark brown except a broad band of white scales around the eyes, meeting at the vertex, a few black bristles projecting forward ; antennze brown, verticels and pubescence brown, basal joint testaceous ; palpi minute, brown; proboscis brown, apex swollen ; clypeus brown ; eyes brown.
Thorax: prothoracic lobes heavily clothed with white flat scales ; mesonotum brown, partly denuded, but with brown curved scales scattered over it and more completely covering it laterally, a line of outstanding white or bluish-white scales extending from the wing joint cephalad about one-half the length of the mesonotum ; scutellum brown, with brown flat scales ; pleura dark brown, with a pronounced line of white flat scales ; metanotum brown.
Abdomen brown, with dark brown scales and a white median spot extending over most of the dorsal aspect on the first, second, third and fourth segments, better developed on the third and fourth ; venter light.
Legs: coxze and trochanters light ; femora brown, ventrally lighter ; tibiz brown, and on the fore and mid legs all the tarsal joints brown ; on the hind legs the first and second tarsals are brown, the third, fourth and fifth pure white ; ungues simple and equal.
Wings partly denuded, mostly brown-scaled, but half the length of the stem of the fifth, and the bases of the sixth with white roundish scales; fringe unspotted ; the cells very short, the first submarginal a little shorter and somewhat narrower than second posterior cell ; mid and supernumer- ary cross-veins of about equal length and meet, posterior cross-vein longer than mid and its own length distant interiorly. Halteres with white stem and black knob.
Length, about 5 mm., of which the proboscis is nearly 2.5 mm.
Habitat : Parang Mindanoa, P. I.
Taken ; Collection undated, summer of 1908.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25
COURTING AND MATING OF OZCANTAUS FASCIATUS, HARRIS.
BY J. P. JENSEN, ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.
It was my good fortune to observe during the latter part of August, in Southern Minnesota, the courting and mating of Oecanthus fasciatus, one of the tree-crickets as yet without a common name, unless we call it the “Dark Whistler,” a name proposed by Professor Comstock.
The insect under observation was doing his best, and I watched the wonderful, rapid motion of the wings that were elevated above the back at an angle of about 60 degrees, and making a blur to the eye so fast were they being rasped together. A female was soon seen hurrying up the
Fic. 1,—Courting habits of Oecanthus fasciatus.
stem, but still near the base. She stopped, twirled her antenne and walked a little higher, then ran out on a leaf and back again, plainly guided by the music. When within a foot of the male he detected her presence. The song changed, it was more broken. She ran out on _ another leaf searching for the male, and he bent out a little farther and apparently redoubled his efforts. The leaves were only a few inches apart, and she either saw or heard that he was still higher up, for she ran back to the stem, mounted to the leaf where the male was and ran out on it, but on the under side, placing herself longitudinally upon it. The male turned, placed himself in similar position and was quiet, the only motion
noticed being the swaying and gently stroking together of the black January, 1909 ;
26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
antenne over the edge of the leaf. This continued for about five minutes, when the male sought the female on the under side of the leaf. This she apparently resented, and ran outa little farther. The male at intervals advanced towards her, elevating his tegmina and playing short, low notes.
The courting began at 4 p.m. and continued for twenty minutes, when they were both on the upper side of the leaf. At first the male approached the female head first, and when she retreated jumped back with a rapid jerk of the body. During the last ten minutes he made many attempts to slip the abdomen under the female, singing meanwhile the peculiar low notes, but her retreating prevented this. Finally the female did not retreat, and when another attempt was made mounted the back of the male, elevated her head in a curious attitude against a point about two-thirds from the base of his tegmina, and copulation followed, but lasted for a very short time, two or three seconds. The female then mounted his back farther and began to feed on the glands that are situated just back of the base of the hind wings, It seemed that she tired of this every few minutes, for she would run off a little way and the male would pursue her, singing, and, by pushing his abdomen under her, persuade her to continue, Sometimes the female would return of her own accord. This alternation of feeding or biting on the glands of the male continued for about thirty minutes, when I left them. When I returned they had disap- peared. In other pairs I have seen it terminated by the female running away altogether. It very likely lasts for an hour or more, and possibly always follows copulation. What the nature of the glandular secretion is, if there is such, 1 do not know, and why the male so sedulously pursues the female to induce her to feed upon them is: another puzzie. This feeding on the glands I have also noticed in O. miveus, and the performance was the same. In this insect it occurs at night, and may be observed by means of a lantern. After you become familiar with cricket notes you can generally tell whether pairing is going on, because the notes of the male are changed. This is true of the Nemobiids or Ground Crickets, the Gryllids or Field Crickets, and the Oecanthids or Tree Crickets. The nocturnal crickets, such as O. ziveus, that pair and oviposit at night are curiously inattentive to artificial light, and will continue their operations with a bright acetylene lamp within a foot of them.
Blatchley asks this question with regard to the feeding of the female of O. fasciatus on the dorsal glands of the male: ‘‘Is it possible that in the mating of these Oecanthids the female removes the semen from the
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pv
glands, whose openings are beneath the tegmina of the male, and then fertilizes her ova ?”
Dr. Howard, in his “Insect Book,” says with reference to O. niveus : “Harrington has watched one of the concerts closely, and says, ‘An interesting feature of its concerts is one of which I have not been able to find any mention in books accessible.’ While the male is energetically shuffling together his wings raised almost vertically, the female may be seen standing just behind him, and, with her head applied to the base of the wings, evidently eager to get the fuil benefit of every note produced.” The observer mentioned, no doubt, found the insects after pairing and while the female was feeding on the glands. When rather suddenly approached she will cease gnawing and sit perfectly still, while the male may continue singing until she begins again.
The tree-crickets in appearance, in graceful flight, in song and in general habits certainly are worthy of the place that they occupy system- atically at the head of the Orthoptera. They are the aristocrats, the accomplished gentlefolk of the Order. wi
A®NEWPORTIA IN UTAH.
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, PROVO, UTAH.
‘The Chilopod genus Newportia was erected in 1847 by Gervais for the species Scolopocryptops longitarsis of Newport, a form now known to occur in Cuba, St. Vincent, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil. Since that time some fifteen additional species belonging to the genus have been described, all of them from the region within the tropics of America, the general range of the genus corresponding roughly with that of the type species. It was, consequently, a matter of no little interest to find an individual representing a well-defined species of this genus as far north as Salt Lake City. Most of the species are thus, far known from one or from but few individuals.
The genus Newportia belongs to the Cryptopine, the lowest of the three subfamilies of the Scolopendride. In common with the other genera of this subfamily eyes are absent in Newportia, and the tarsi of all the ambulatory legs, excepting the last two, consist each of but a single segment, the under surface of which bears a spine or a row of bristles. From the other genera of the Cryptopine, Newportia may be readily dis-
tinguished through the presence of twenty-three pairs of ambulatory legs, January, 1909
28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
of which the last have become peculiarly specialized, having the tarsi slender or thread-like, and divided into a large number of short segments, being antenniform rather than like ordinary legs. Claws are normally absent from these last tarsi; but an individual has been found in which claws are present, this case probably representing an atavism to the more general Cryptops-like form from which specialization has proceeded in the group. In Newportia there are no teeth on the inner side of the femora of the prehensorial or poison feet. All the dorsal plates are marked with two impressed longitudinal lines or furrows, one each side of the middle, while on most of the plates there is outside of each of these an oblique furrow. The first dorsal plate is characteristically marked with a trans- verse furrow, which in most species is angularly bent backward at the middle. In some species the plate is distinctly depressed into a pit at this angle in the cervical line or furrow. In about half of the known species the two median furrows of the first dorsal plate bifurcate, the two inner of the diverging branches running inwardly and forward and meeting at the middle angle of the cervical line. A W-shaped mark is thus formed. (See Fig. 2.) .
The species of Newportia found in Utah is clearly most closely related to Mew/ortia azteca, Humb. and Sauss. (spinipes, Poc.), the species ranging nearest it geographically. These two species differ from al the others with the W marking on the first dorsal plate, in having two spines at the distal end of the tibial joint of the legs, and in having at the same time a ventral spine below the apex of the tarsal joint. The Utah species differs from azteca, among other points, in the shape and proportions of the head plate and in the papas, Newporls > Seteater length and different disposition of its posterior view of head and furrows ; in lacking dental plates, and in not having the anterior segments. a
anterior border of the presternum mesally deeply excavated ; in having the last ventral plate more narrowed posteriorly, and its posterior margin but slightly incurved ; in having the pseudo- pleura of the last segment covered with numerous spinules, both laterally and ventrally, among the pores, as well as along the posterior margins and over the basal portion of the posterior processes ; and in the form and size of the spiracles.
THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29
Newportia Utahensis, new species.—Head longer than wide, its sides converging a little posteriorly and more strongly anteriorly from the middle ; marked with a median longitudinal furrow extending from the anterior, slightly indented margin, posteriorly about one-fourth the length of the plate, and with a second short median furrow just back of the middle ; the paired furrows on the posterior portion of plate beginning near the middle and first converging and then diverging to the posterior margin, evenly curving ; finely punctate.
- Antenne with the usual seventeen articles, the first four of them sparsely clothed with relatively long bristles, the other articles subdensely clothed on their outer surfaces with short sete.
_ Presternal plate punctate, its anterior margin on each side sub- straight, the margins of the two sides meeting in the middle at a slightly re-entrant angle ; no median excavation.
First dorsal plate with the transverse or cervical furrow evenly curving, a little angulate at the middle ; a depression or pit at the angle of the cervical furrow ; the paired furrows bifurcating, the inner branches uniting at the angle in the cervical furrow, and forming thus the typical W-shaped impression.
The logitudinal furrows on the second dorsal plate conspicuously diverging from the anterior to the posterior margin.
The oblique, shallow lateral furrows are distinguishable from the third plate posteriorly.
The last dorsal plate with its posterior margin gently convexly rounded and slightly indented at the middle ; without a median furrow.
Ventral plates finely and subdensely punctate ; each with a distinct and scarcely abbreviated and distinct, fine submarginal furrows.
Last ventral plate with the sides sub-straight or a little convexly rounded ; strongly narrowed posteriorly ; the posterior margin but slightly incurved.
Basal segments of the ambulatory legs spinulose ; the tibia armed at distal end with a conspicuous ventral spine, as weil as with a second somewhat stouter spine dorsal or dorso-lateral in position; tarsal joint with a veutral spine below the distal end.
Pseudopleura of last segment with their posterior processes conical in shape, apically subobtuse ; posterior margin above and laterally from the processes with a close row of short spines, which also cover the basal portion of the processes ; similar short spines occurring over the entire
30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISt. pseudopleura, both laterally and ventrally, among the numerous small pores.
Spiracles moderately small, mostly obliquely suboval.
The head and last five segments brown, a little paler beneath than above ; elsewhere the body yellow, the anterior segments being darkened a little; legs pale yellow; antenne light brown proximally, becoming yellow distally.
Length, 21 mm.
Locality : Warm Springs, Salt Lake County, Utah (May, 1908).
HEMIPTERA: NEW AND OLD.—NO. I. BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Fam. Aradide.
1. Aradus montivagus, nom. nov., = planus, Fabricius, 1803 (not of the same author, 1794).
Fam. Lygeide. 2. Acanthocephala nasula (Say) =\| femorata (Fabricius). 3. Cletus signatus, Walker, 1871, =|| bipunctata (Westwood, 1842). 4. C. bipunctatus, H.-S., 1840, = pugnator, Lethierry & Severin, 1894, = armatulus, Breddin, 1905. C. pugnator was merely a misidentification of a Fabrician species, and was, moreover, unaccompanied by a description. 5. Arenocoris, Hahn, 1834, = Pseudophloeus, Burmeister, 1835, = Spathocera, Stein, 1860. Pseudophloeus was proposed to supersede Arenocoris because the latter was, etymologically, a hybrid ; it therefore must take the same type. 6. Ulmicola, nom. nov., = Avrenocoris, Fieher, 1860, type spinipes. 7. Coriscus Stalianus, nom. nov., =|| Alydus dentipes, Stal, 1868, Svensk. Vet. Handl., 7, No. 11, p. 65. 8. Merocoris, Perty, 1833 (not 1830). Coriomerts, Westwood, 1842, =|| Merocoris, Hahn, 1834 (not 1831). [Fam. Cimicide : Plisthenes, =\| Merocoris, Burmeister, 183 4.] 9. Riptortus nipponensis, uu. n., Zt-clavatus, Thunb., 1783, = rZ-annulatus, Uhler, 1860.
10. Boudicca, nom. nov., = Pseudophloeus, Auctt., type Fadlenii. January, 1909
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31
Fam. Pyrrhocoride.
11. Lyrrhocoris, Fallén, 1814, = Astemma, Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 ; type apterus. Lepeletier & Serville included three species in their genus at its inception, but the first, afterws, is the only one mentioned in the generic description, where it is cited as the only one whose habits are known.
Fam. Myodochide.
12. Oncopeltus Bergianus, nom. nov., =|| Sta/zz, Berg, 1883.
13. Stalagmostethus sinensis (as var. of venustus) (Reuter, 1888), =|| cruciger, Motshulsky, =|| marginatus, Jakovler, =|! e/egans, Distant, = 7akow/efi, Lethierry & Severin.
14. S. neotropicalis, nom. nov., =|| dispar (Stal).
15. S. furcula (H.-S., 1850), =|| festivus (Thunberg).
16. S. melanesicus, nom. nov., =|| mactans (Stal), =|| ruficeps (Welker).
17. Arthenets, Spinola, 1837 (type eymoides), = Mysius, Dallas, 1852. 18. A. helvetica (H.-S., 1850), = ¢éneata (Costa, 1852).
19. Heterogaster semicolon, Fieber, 1837, = affinis, H.-S., 1838.
20. Oxycarenus pallens, H.-S., (850, = collaris, Mulsant & Rey, 1852. 21. Lyrrheneis, gen. nov., = Artheneis, Auctt. (type foveolrta).
22. Orthea neotropicalis, nom. nov., =|| serripes (Fabricius). 23. Rhyparochromus maculipennis, Curtis, 1836, = pretextatus, H.-S., 1837.
Reuter has already pointed out that Budeus, Distant, was founded on nymphs (mistaken for short-winged adults !). I think that B. drevé- pennis, Distant, is the final nymph of Orthea pallicornis (Dallas) ; the long fourth segment of the antennz was evidently missing.
24. Critobulus, Distant, is also probably the nymph of a Déeuches. 25. lschnorhynchus truncatulus, Walker, var. Horvathiana, nov., =|| geminatus, Fieber. Fam. Gerride. 26. Velta Osborniana, nom. nov , =|| drunnea, Osborn, 1904. Fam. Reduviide. 27. Aptomerus incisus, H.-S., 1846, = geniculatus, Erichson, 1848. 28. A. rubricinctus, var. Stalianus, nov., =|| geniculatus, Stal. 29. Coranus neotropicalis, nom. nov., =|| démaculatus (Fabricius). 30. Harpactor xosanus, nom. nov., =|| tibéalts, Stal. 31. Lsocondylus pungens, H.-S., 1846, = || elongatus, Lepeletier & Serville. 32. Wotocyrtus flavolineatus, Stal, =|| dorsalis (Gray).
. 49-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
33. Patugo patagonicus, nom. nov., =|| obsoletus (Blanchard).
34. Phemius tuberculifer, Stal, =|| tibialis (Westwood).
35. Peirates niger, H.-S., 1835, = unicolor, H.-S., 1836, = strepitans, Rambur.
36. Ploeogaster gesana, nom. nov., = || genicudatus, Lepeletier & Serville,
37. Reduvius osiris, nom. nov., =|| dorsalis, Stal.
38. Spiniger Lepeletierianus, nom. nov., =|| ater (Lepeletier & Serville).
39. S. circumcinctus, nom. nov., =|| /imbatus (Lepeletier & Serville).
40. Zelus speciosus, var. agavis, Blasquez, 1870, = var. Sto//i, Lethierry & Severin, 1896.
Fam. Miride.
41. Ca/locoris neotropicalis, nom. nov., = || dimaculatus (Fabricius).
42. Liocoris tripustulatus, var. picta, Hahn, 1833, = var. autumnadlis, Reuter, 1875.
43. Reada Mayri, White, 1878, = Reuda Mayrii, Atkinson Cat., 107.
44. Phytocoris helveticus, nom. nov., =|| albofasciatus, Fieber.
45. Resthenia menanochra, H.-S., 1846, = melanochra, Auctt.
46. Saturntomiris papuanus, nom. noy, =| ¢ristis (Walker)..
47. Tichorhinus pelagicus, nom. nov., =|| Orthotylus mutabilis, F. B. White, 1878.
Fam. Isside,
48. In Bull. Haw. Plant. Ent., I, 440 (1906), I stated that the description of Zssus decipiens, Spinola, was unknown to me. Melichar (1996, Abh. zool. bot. Ges., Wien, III, No. 4, p. 156) cites it as 1839, A. S. E., France, VIII, 3, but could not have referred to the original, as it certainly is not there. I suspect that the correct reference will be found in Gay’s “ Chile ” (1852).
Hemispherius bipunctatus, var. rufomarginata, nov., =|| viridis, Melichar. Fam. Poekillopteride.
50. Euricania jo (Boisduval, 1835), = oculata (Guerin, 1838).
51. Mindura sundana, nom. nov., =|| (fuscata, Fabricius, 1794).
52. Ormenis antillarum, nom. nov., =|| guadripunctata (Fabricius).
53. O. insulicola, nom. nov., =\|| pygm@a (Fabricius).
54. Weomelicharia amoena (Walker), =|| pustudata (Donovan). |
Fam. Tetigoniide. 55. Stictodepsa neotropicalis, nom. nov., =\| /uscata (Fabricius).
. Euacanthus interstinctus (Fallén), =|| acuminatus (Fabricius).
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33
~ A NEW ORCHELIMUM FROM NEW JERSEY. BY WM. T. DAVIS, NEW BRIGHTON, STATEN ISLAND, N. Y.
Early in September, 1908, I visited Dennisville, N. J., with Mr. Frank E. Watson and Mr. Wm. P. Comstock, making a general collection of insects. Among the captures were two male specimens of a highly- coloured species of Orchelimum. ‘They were found on the tall grasses in a very wet swamp. Later in the month, while near Helmetta, N. J., an Orchelimum was heard singing a 2i/, sip, sip —2, 2, 3,—2/P, 3tp, 2ip—z, 2, 2, quite a distinguishable song from that of O. vulgare. ‘The songster was discovered to be the same highly-coloured species that we found at Dennisville. Near-by a female was found, and later other males. Mr. John A. Grossbeck has also taken this insect at Trenton, N. J.
Fic, 3.—A, Orchelimum pulchellum: B, O. nigripes: shrilling organs.
Fic. 4.—A, Orchelimum pulchellum ; B, O. nigripes: side view of thorax.
While this species resembles Orchelimum nigripes, Scudder, it is certainly distinct, being differently coloured, and having other characters, as may be seen from a series of both species. The name Orchedimum pulchellum is proposed for this beautifully-coloured insect, Mr, Louis
January, 1909
34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
H. Joutel has kindly made for me some sketches of the shrilling organs and side-views of the thorax of both nigripes and pulchellum, whereby it will be seen that the right-hand nerve in pudche//um (A, Fig. 3) is straighter than the same nerve in z/gripfes (B, Fig. 3). A series further shows that the lower angles of the thorax are more rounded in fpw/che//um than in nigripes (A and B, Fig. 4).
In pulchellum the face is yellow, top of head and often along sides red, sometimes quite bright in colour. Thorax with the usual dorsal dark stripe, but darker than in nigrifes. Sides bottle-green, under parts yellowish, Abdomen: dorsum dark, sides green, under surface a bright lemon-yellow, edged with brown. Legs: femora of first and second pair lemon-yellow on the inner surfaces, greenish on the outer; femora of hind pair lemon-yellow, with the apical half or thirdreddish. Tibia of all of the legs reddish, the tarsi darker. When seen in life the insect is par- ticularly beautiful, and is conspicuous for its bottle-green coloured tegmina, with a bluish tinge, its lemon-yellow markings and its reddish legs. The ovipositor is much curved, and in «he type red in colour. The hind femora are each armed with from three to five spines on the under side.
Measurements.— Male: Length of body, 19 mm.; of pronotum, 5 mm.; of tegmina, 20 mm.; of hind femora, 16 mm. Female: Length of body, 20 mm.; of tegmina, 22 mm.; of hind femora, 18 mm.; of ovipositor, 9 mm.
TWO ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL.* BY ALBERT F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, P. Q.
One of the great attractions of collecting Butterflies and Moths lies in the probability of coming across, at any moment, something new to the locality in which one is working, even though common elsewhere.
Although the district about Montreal has been fairly well worked over since the formation of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 35 years ago, not a season passes in which we do net find some moths, large or small, not previously observed andrecorded. But finding a new butterfly is a different matter, and it was indeed a pleasant surprise when I came across a specimen of the little pepper-and-salt skipper, Amblyscirtes samoset, Scudder, flying over a very muddy field at
* Read at the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, Nov. 6, 1908.
January, 1909 .
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35
Pt. aux T’rembles, near the Rifle ranges, on June 7th, and a few minutes later I took another. My companion also wanted some, and a thorough search was made, resulting in Mr. Chagnon also capturing one in an adjoining field. The species is apparently commoner to the North among the Laurentian Mountains, where I have taken it at Montfort and St. Faustin, and also at Calumet, on the Ottawa River—always in early June.
A month later, July rath, while walking across the Westmount Golf
Links, with Mr. A. R. M. Boulton, of the Quebec Branch, a small yellow butterfly passed us, which looked like a very much undersized Codias phil- odice. My net was not ready, so my companion offered to catch it for me if I wanted it, but as the day was very warm I said not to chase it, as it would probably come back, but it kept straight on. We went the opposite way, to the Nun’s Woods at Cote St. Luc, to look for Hap/oa confusa, Lyman, and were busy catching a series of these moths, when another of the little yellow butterflies came along. I was ready this time, and in a moment secured the first specimen of Zeréas /isa, Bd. and Lec. (The little Sulphur, Holland aptly calls it), that I had seen alive. An- other soon appeared in the same place, and Mr. Boulton captured it. As we were close to a fine field of clover, we thought the butterflies were probably coming from it, and therefore turned our attention to it, but without seeing any more. We resumed our raid on the Haploas, going further into the woods, where 7. confusa was scarcer, and A. Lecontei more likely to be found. We were again lucky, for in coming out of he woods on the west side into a small cedar swamp, another Zerias Jisa was flitting about, which I easily caught. As no more were visible, we adjourned to Cartersville for lunch.
TWO NEW BEES. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO.
Nomada antonita, n. sp.
6 -—Length about 7 mm.; robust, the abdomen broadly oval ; black, with cream-coloured markings ; the thorax without red. Vertex and meso thorax very densely punctured ; face very broad, with appressed silvery hair, not hiding the surface; the low and broad clypeus, very large triangular lateral marks (strongly indented opposite the antenne), the base of the
mandibles and a narrow stripe along the posterior orbital margin (except January, 1909
36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
‘
the upper fifth) all cream-coloured ; no supraclypeal mark; mandibles simple ; labrum with the upper third cream-colour, the rest ferruginous ; lateral marks ending about the upper level of the antennal sockets, but there is a short reddish-yellow stripe higher up near the eye, and a minute dot at the summit ; scape bright ferruginous, not much swollen, flagellum stout, dark fuscous above and bright ferruginous beneath ; third antennal Joint conspicuously longer than fourth. Mesothorax and metathorax entirely black, the base of the latter dull and granular; upper margin of prothorax, tubercles, tegule, large irregular mark on pleura, scutellum and postscutellum, all cream-colour ; wings clear, stigma ferruginous, nervures fuscous ; first r. n, reaching second s. m. beyond middle; b. n. meeting t. c.; legs ferruginous, with the knees, anterior and middle tibiz in front, hind tibixe in front at base and apex, and large area on hind coxa, all cream-colour ; anterior coxe without spines. Abdomen very minutely but strongly and closely punctured ; first segment black, with a broad ferrugi- nous band, at each side of which is a small yellow patch ; segments 2 to 6 each with a very broad creamy-white band, occupying most of the surface, but much constricted in the middle on second ; hind margins and extreme bases of these segments black ; apical plate broad, truncate with rounded corners, quite entire; ventral segments, except the first, almost entirely creamy-white. :
Hab.—Antonito, Colorado, Aug. 5, 1900; from the Colorado Agri- cultural College.
In my tables of Rocky Mountain omada this species runs out at 36. In appearance, however, it suggests the subgenus J/icronomada, from which it differs by the spineless anterior cox. It is a very pretty and distinct little species.
Bombus hyperboreus Albertensis, n. var. (vel. n. sp.?).
?.—Length about 19 mm.; width of abdomen 8 ; ocelli small, as in Bombus, s. str.; clypeus shining, convex, with sparse punctures of unequal sizes, some very faint ; malar space about one-fourth broader than long ; upper outer face of mandibles with three strong ridges ; labrum with a pair of widely-separated transversely oval bosses ; flagellum short, third antennal joint about as long as 4 + 5; mesothorax densely punctured, except in middle, where it is smooth and shining ; hair of head black, of thorax in front, pleura and scutellum, tawny-yellow, but a very broad black band between the wings ; wings strongly reddened, a dark cloud at apex |
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oT
of marginal cell ; abdomen rather narrow, with coarse black hair, except on first segment and anterior middle (tapering laterally) of second, where it is tawny-yellow ; hair of legs black, spinules on tarsi ferruginous.
Hab.—Calgary, Alberta, British America (/. Hf. Wodley Dod).
The coloration of the abdomen is as in JB. separatus, which, how- ever, is a Bombias. The insect is probably a race of BL. hyperboreus , greniandicus, (Smith), but it has the yellow on the abdomen reduced. It is also related to B. Aleuralis, Nyl., which Friese makes a subspecies of B. Kirbyellus, Curtis.
A REMARK ON THE iGNOTUS ANIGMATICUS.
BY PHILIPP ZAITZEV, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.
With special interest I read in the pages of this journal, 1908, No. 7, a paper by Mrs. A. T. Slosson, ‘‘ A Bitof Contemporary History,” treating of the habits of one of the most peculiar and interesting representatives of Coleoptera. Nearly all the past year this minute creature attracted my attention, being an uninvited guest at my home. Some of my observa- tions and considerations about this subject I hope to expose on the pages of Revue Russe d’Entomologie in the next issue ; at present I will con- fine myself to the remark that this mysterious stranger of my esteemed | entomological colleague is, properly speaking, a very old friend of ours, described and figured in 1839 by V. Motschulsky (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou xii., page 76, t. v.; f. 1-6), from Transcaucasia, under the name of Zhe/y- drias contractus. Afterwards this species (without doubt identical will Ienotus enigmaticus /) was described by Reitter from specimens from the Transcaspian Province and Turkestan, and placed by him, very unfor- tunately, in the group of Driloris (family Cantharodide). Bestimm ; Tabelle d’Europ. Coleopt., XXIX., 1894.
To WuHom 1T May CONCERN:
Subscribers to the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST are reminded that the fee for 1909 is now due, and should be paid to the Treasurer of the Entomological Society, Guelph, Ontario, forthwith. Remittances may be sent by post-office or express money order, but personal cheques on local banks are not acceptable, as it costs from 10 to 25 cents to get them cashed. As a rule, the magazine is sent until ordered to be discontinued, so that regular subscribers may not suffer any inconvenience.
38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES ON THE FORMS OF RUSTICUS ACMON (DB.-HEW.), SCUDDER, OCCURRING IN THE VICINITY OF PASADENA, CALIF.
BY VICTOR L. CLEMENCE, PASADENA, CALIF.
For some time the writer has made a special study of the different forms of Rusticus acmon. This special work has resulted in the possession of large series of four distinct forms.
From Boisduval’s description of #. antegon (which he admits is the same as 2. acmon), and by comparison with Doubl.-Hew., Plate 76, fig. 2, also with specimens from Boisduval’s type locality, “les environs de San Francisco,” I have decided which of these forms is typical. I may also add that Strecker’s description in ‘‘ Lepidoptera: Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, indigenous and exotic,” also describes this form.
Careful observations made during the last two seasons show that of the other three forms two are seasonal, while the other is a new subspecies occurring only in the mountains at an altitude of not less than 3,000 feet, and frequenting only Lriogonum fasciculatum, which is probably its fuod-plant, while that of the other forms is Hosackia glabra, generally admitted to be the food-plant of true acmon or antegon.
The new subspecies, which I have named Rusticus monticola, is a much finer butterfly than acmon, being larger and more brilliantly coloured. Of the remaining two forms, one occurs from February to April, is small in size, of a darker blue than the type form, and heavily margined in black, which leads me to think that the imagoes are produced from pupz which have hibernated. The remaining form appears about May the goth, is larger than the preceding, resembling the type form, only is larger, and has not such a pronounced violet tinge.
The writer realizes the value and necessity of applying the test of breeding in order to correctly classify these different forms, but owing to daily observations and also the valuable help which he has received from Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., feels assured that his deductions would be fully justified by the above-mentioned test. From tie length of time that acmon is on the wing, from February till October, it may safely be assumed that there are at least three broods; therefore, these different forms are probably seasonal, as previously stated.
Rusticus monticola, n. subsp.—The type, 2 g g’s, 2 2 $’s, are taken from a series of 21 insects in the author’s collection,
January, 1909
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39
Male.—Expands 28-31 mm. Upper side of primaries bright silvery- blue, with heavy black marginal border. No discal spot. Secondaries bright silvery-blue, with very narrow black marginal border. There is a row of five black dots separated from ground colour by heavy red crescents extending along the marginal border. The general colour of under side is ash gray, flushed with bluish scales. The markings aré the same as acmon, only much heavier and more distinct. All wings fringed with white.
Female.—Expanse 30-35 mm. Upper side of primaries bright blue, with black discal bar. The outer half of wing is taken up with a broad black band, which fades into ground colour towards base. Secondaries same as male, only red crescents are twice as wide, occupying nearly one- third ef the wing. Ground colour of under side brownish-gray, markings very heavy and pronounced, as with the male.
The females appear to vary considerably. Some have the red crescents continued on primaries.. Another specimen in my series has a marginal row of white spots on primaries. I have never come across these variations among true acmon, though I have examined hundreds of specimens from different localities.
A comparative table of 2. acmon and R. monticola reads as follows :
MALE. FR. acmon. | R. monticola. Expanse, 25-27 mm. Expanse, 28-31 mm. Ground colour wio/et-blue. Ground colour st/very-blue. Marginal band primaries zarrow. | Marginal band primaries broad. Red crescents on sec. ‘udistinct. Red crescents on sec. very pro- nounced. Markings on under side @stinct. | Markings on under side very heavy. FEMALE.
Expanse, 21-26 mm. | Expanse, 30-35 mm. Ground colour dark brown. Ground colour sz/very-b/ue.
Other differences same as in the male.
THE ANNUAL RFport of the Sucicty to ihe Legislature of Ontario is now in the printers’ hands, and will probably be ready in March. It is distributed by the Department of Agriculture at Toronto, and will only be gent to those whose subscription for 1909 has been duly paid,
40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
BOOK NOTICE.
ManuaL oF NortrH AMERICAN DipTerA, by Samuel W. Williston. Third edition, illustrated; 405 pages.—James T. Hathaway, 297 Crown Street, New Haven, Conn. (Price $4.00, postpaid.)
During the last twelve years the earlier edition of this work has-been found most useful by professional Entomologists, whether engaged in teaching or in economic work, and has served as a daily handbook for the few students of the order. . To all of these it must be a source of much gratification that the author has been enabled to complete this compre- hensive and excellent manual, which will be no small help to them in their work. ‘The assistance that it will render to all who attempt to study the Diptera of North America is so great that it should lead many to devote themselves to the investigation of the much neglected but highly important Two-winged Flies,
The present edition contains definitions of about erie hundred genera, being all that are known from North and Central America and the West Indies, with the exception of a few doubtful forms ; more than half of these genera are more fully defined by means of nearly a thousand photographs and carefully drawn figures, which are an immense help in the determination of forms. Of sixty-one families synoptic tables are given, preceded by a table of the families themselves. By means of these and the explanatory figures, a student should be able, after a: little prac- tice, to “‘run down” to its genus any fair-sized fly, and after gaining experience in this way to enter upon a careful scientific study of any family to which his attention may particularly be drawn. The Introduction deserves to be read by all Entomologists, who will find the observations and advice contained in it of great interest and much value. ‘This is followed by a series of chapters on the structure of the various parts of the insects, the head and its organs, the thorax, legs, wings, etc., and the vestiture, which is of so much importance in the differentiation of many forms.
The author has been assisted in his work by all the well-known North American Dipterists, few in number though they be, and he andthey are to - be congratulated upon the completion of a work which should give an immense impetus to the study of this difficult order. A copy of the book should certainly be in every scientific library, and no_ professional Entomologist can afford to be without it.
Mailed January 7th, 1909.
The G anauiay Hntomalogist
VoL. XL. GUELPH, FEBRUARY, 1909. No. 2.
PHYVLLAPHIS COWENT, CKLL. (Plate I, Figures 1 to 6).
BY C. P. GILLETTE, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO.
Aphid: Cowen : Bull) 37; Lech. Ser.,-Colo."Ex, St, p; 1255/1305. Pemphigus Cowent, Cockerell, Can. EnT., XXXVII, p. 391, 1905.
Mr. Cowen being unable to place this louse in a genus known to him, did not attach a name to it, though his descriptions of both gall and louse make it certain that he was studying the species under consideration.
The louse has the general appearance and habits of a Pemphigus, and was so placed by Prof. Cockerell, who saw only the apterous form and pupe. On Aug. 5th, 1908, the writer was in the foothills a few miles west of Fort Collins, at an altitude of about 8,000 feet, where Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), the host-plant of this louse, grows in great abundance. Apparently every plant was infested, as was evident from the numerous pod-like leaves that were conspicuous everywhere. The galls are formed by about one-third of the leaf surface folding lengthwise upon the other two-thirds, inclosing the lice and becoming swollen so as to resemble minute pea-pods. Ifthe galls were beneath leaves so as to be shaded, they were green in colour, but if exposed to the sun they were more or less deep red in colour. The galls varied between ro and 20 mm. in length.
Many apterous lice, including stem-mothers, and numerons pupe, were present in the galls, but no adult alate forms were seen, and apparently all the lice, except stem-mothers, were to become winged. Syrphus larvee were common in the galls.
Plants bearing galls were taken arid placed in the insectary, where syrphus flies and great numbers of the alate viviparous females, alate oviparous* females and alate males were reared. ‘These I have described below. .
A glance at either of the alate forms figured in the accompanying plate will be sufficient to see that this can not be a Pemphigus, as the fore wing has the cubital vein with two forks, when it should have none. I
*This is the only species, except in Chermes, where I have seen alate ovipa- rous females.
Can, ENT., Vou, XL
hh Sy? 2"
PHYLLAPHIS COWENI, GILLETTE.
PLATE I.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43
have therefore placed the species in the genus Phy//aphts, where it seems more nearly to belong.
It seemed as though the stem mother must be the immediate parent of all the colony in each gall, but she probably was mother of the vivipa- rous alate females only, and these probably gave birth to the true sexual forms.
Stem-mother ; Plate I, figs. 1 and 4.
General colour varying with age, the older specimens being darkest. The l'ght-coloured specimens are dull sordid yellow, with transverse broken bands of very dark olive green over a large portion of the abdomen. The o'der and darker specimens appear almost entirely black. The head, antenne, entire legs, including coxee, and genital plates, dark brown to blackish in colour. The legs and antenne are very short and stout. The femora of the hind legs do not exceed in length joints 3 and 4 of the antenne combined. General shape of the body stout pyriform, the older specimens being very much truncated posteriorly. Length varying from 1.25 to 1.50 mm.; width varying little from 1 mm.; joints to the antenna four ; the 4th joint having an unguis which is about half as long as the short 4th joint; joint 3 a little less than half the whole length of the antenna. ‘There are no visibie sensoria except one at the base of the unguis, and I cannot make out any transverse annulations upon joints 3 and 4 except as indicated by minute stout hairs arranged in transverse rows.
The body is sparsely set with rather stout hairs; the entire surface above and the antenne are also closely set with very short stout hairs, giving it a velvety appearance ; vertex convex, slightly bilobed ; cornicles very slightly raised above the surface, located about midway on the 6th segment, and surrounded by a dark area; cauda subobsolete ; beak just attaining middle coxe. In dark specimens of the louse the cornicles are often difficult to see.
Pupa.
Very light to dark green in colour. In each gall there are a few pupz smaller and lighter coloured than the others, which I take to be the males. Wing-pads of the female pupe blackish; length of female pupa before last moult 1.80 to 2 mm.; antenne 6-jointed, joint 3 longest and about equal to joints 4 and 5 together.
Alate Oviparous Female: Plate I, figs. 3 and 6. General colour of body dark olive green, with head and lobes of
44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
mesothorax black ; beneath, the colour of: the abdomen is a light olive green ; the antennz and legs are dusky brown to blackish ; on either side of the abdomen, opposite the cornicles and beneath the lateral margins of segments 5, 6 and 7 is a heavy tuft of white cottony secretion. ‘This cottony secretion, apparently, is not formed on any other portion of the body, or by any other of the lice. Length of body 1.50 to 1.70 mm.; length of wing 2 mm.; antenna varying from .65 to .85 mm.; third joint longest and almost exactly equal to joints 4 and 5 combined ; joint 6 with its short unguis equal to or slightly longer than either joint 4 or 5. As in case of the stem-mother, the joints are distinctly covered everywhere with very short stout hairs or points. On the terminal joints these minute points are arranged in more or less distinct annulations. Joint 3 has about 15 transverse tuberculate sensoria ; joint 4 two to five similar sensoria ; legs distinctly shorter than in the viviparous form, the hind tibie measuring only about .51 mm. in length; vertex quite convex ; cornicles slightly raised above the surface, somewhat more prominent than in the stem-mother; cauda broadly rounded, scarcely elevated ; anterior wings with three transverse veins, the third transverse vein being twice forked ; the branch forming the second fork arises about midway between the first fork and the tip of the wing ; stigmal vein moderately curved ; stigma transparent, very short and hardly longer than broad ; posterior wing with two cross nervures; both wings hyaline; beak just attaining second coxe.
Lice that emerged during the night began depositing eggs by noon of the following day.
Viviparous Fematle.
Differs from the oviparous form in having the legs longer ; tibize of hind legs measuring about .68 mm. This form also lacks entirely the waxy secretion which forms upon the sides of the venter on ‘joints 5, 6 and 7 in the oviparous form.
Alate Made: Plate I, figs. 2 and 5.
The male is much smaller than the females, and the general body colour is light yellow. ‘The compound eyes and the sides of the head in front of them are black. The lobes of the mesothorax and scutellum are dusky brown to black. In most specimens a distinct dusky V-shaped spot occurs upon the dorsum of the head and one near either lateral margin of the prothorax. Antenne and legs dusky yellow. Darker speci- mens have the head largely dusky brown, and the antennz and legs dusky
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45
or with very little yellow showing. Length of body, .80 mm. to 1 mm.; vertex rather sharply rounded; length of wing, 1.60 mm.; length of antenne, .8o0 mm.; joint 3 longest, joints 4 and 5 equal; joint 6, with
unguis, of the same length as the two preceding joints ; joint 3 with about seven and joint 4 with about one transverse sensoria.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE, Phyllaphis Cowent, Ckll.—1, stem-mother ; 2, male; 3, Oviparous Ly ? B) I o
female ; 4, antenna of adult stem-mother ; 5, antenna of male; 6, antenna of oviparous female. M. A. Palmer, artist.
Figures 1, 2 and 3 are enlarged 30 diameters, and figures and 6
] 3 t=) rD ) b] f=) r)
8o diameters.
THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF EUCHLOE SARA, BOISD. BY KARL R. COOLIDGE AND ERVAL J. NEWCOMER, PALO ALTO, CALIF.
Euchloé sara, with its variety Reakirtiz, Edwards, is a common and early butterfly in California, flying in the open fields about wild mustard (Brassica) and other crucifers. Aeakirtii may sometimes be seen as early as February, and later, in April and May, saa appears, continuing on the wing until October. Sara is one of the early Californian pioneers, having been described by Dr. Boisduval in 1852." In 1869 W. H. Edwards? described Reakirtiz.
Synonymy and Distribution.—Sara, with its so-calied varieties, is distributed almost everywhere west of the Rocky Mountains, from Arizona to Vancouver. As shown by Edwards (Can. ENT., XXIV, p. 52), sara proceeds from eggs of Reakirtit, although some of the pupz may go over and preduce Reakirtii in the spring, the dimorphism being that of Pafzdio ajax. Thoosa, Scudder, is a synonym of julia, Edwards, and fora, Wright, and mod/is, Wright, are but slight modifications of sara. Lrown- ingit, Skinner ; ste/Za, Edwards, and ju/ia, Edwards, we would consider but geographical forms of feakirtiz, Both Sara and Reakirtiz are dimorphic, some females being white and others yellow, with all inter- gradations. The males are only occasionally slightly yellowed. Reakirtii may be distinguished from sava by its smaller size, and the discal band on primaries is blacker and more waved. Beneath, on the secondaries, the greenish tinge is more pronounced than in sara, and the apex and external margin of fore wings is heavier. Henry Edwards, in a letter to W. H.
TeeAnn. soc. Ent. Hr, 2, 10, 285, 1852: 2. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 2, 369, 1869. February, 1909
46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edwards (Butt. Vol. 1), writes: ‘‘ As to sara, I first met with it two years ago in Santa Clara County, and was at once struck by its larger size, the yellow colour of most of the females, and the absence of the irrorated line along the anterior margin, as well as by the much fainter green markings on the under side of lower wings. Unlike Reakirtiz, the species seems to prefer the open fields, flies much more slowly, and alights often upon flowers of Brassica, Nasturtium, etc. I am so accustomed to the two forms, that I can now distinguish them by the flight alone.”
Preparatory Stages.—Scarcely anything is known of these. Edwards refers to the relationship of sara and Reakirtit, as shown by records of the pupe. Again, in his supplement to the Butterflies of the United States (v., 3, p. 2, 1897), he refers to this. G. R. Minot, in a note in Entom. News (p. 158, 1902), briefly describes the egg, and records the oviposition on the “ common mustard.”
Food-plants.—\.embert' reports the oviposition of sara and Reakirtii in the Yosemite National Park on the stalk of Zhysanocarpus pusillus. In this locality sava has the same food-plants as awsonides, viz., Brassica campestris, L.., and nigra, L. But there must be others also, as sara is found abundantly in the higher hills, where Brassica is very rarely met with.
Oviposition.—For the past several years we have observed numerous instances of oviposition. As a rule the eggs are tucked between the young sepals, but there is a great irregularity in this. Sometimes the eggs are placed on the peduncles, and quite often on the under side of the leaves, upon which the larve readily feed. On June 27, ’07,a 9 was observed ovipositing. Eight eggs were seen to be laid, one ona leaf, two on peduncles, and the others on the buds. She was then captured, and by the next afternoon she had deposited forty-five more eggs in the pill box in which she was confined.
£gg.—Length almost 1 mm.; fusiform, laterally marked with raised vertical ridges not quite so prominent as in auwsonides, between which are finer cross-veinlets ; base flattened. Colour light lemon-yellow when first laid, changing to orange in from twenty to thirty hours, and this colour is quite uniform until just before hatching, when the colour is duller.
First Instar.—Length, 1.5 at rest ; in motion nearly 2 mm. Colour dirty yellow, sparsely covered with black hairs. Head rather large, black. The duration of the egg stage to the emergence of the young larve varies
3. CAN. ENT., XXIV, p. 52, 1892. 4. Entom. News, 6, 137, 1895.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47
considerably, according to the condition of the weather. Our records show from four to eight days.
Second Instar.—Much as in preceding; a little over 3 mm. in length; colour generally lighter.
Third Instar.—Length about 6 mm. Colour greenish, with a yellow lateral stripe and a light dorsal line, sparsely hirsute ; head black or dark green.
Fourth Znstar.—Length about 15 mm.; uniformly dull grassy green ; head rather darker, large, bilobed, with many ferruginous coloured short hairs ; body also covered with same clothing, and also more scattered long black bristles. A whitish lateral stripe edged below with darker ; ventral stripe very faint.
Fifth Instar.—Average length about 27 mm.; colour slightly darker than in preceding stage, head concolorous. A rather wide lateral band on the line of the spiracles, and continuing on the side of the head; dorsal line obscure. Head small, more so than the body, distinctly bilobed ; head and body covered with many short black tubercles or hairs.
Pupation.—The method of pupation and spinning the girdle is so similar to various well-known species of Poutia, that we do not repeat it here. We have never been able to find the pupa in nature, but Mr. F. X. Williams tells us he has found several pupee of both sara and ausonides suspended at the base of the food-plant.
Pupa.—Colour very light silvery-gray, the ventral area lighter ; pro- notum bluntly produced, the wing-cases thereon marked in white ; ventral line and ridges dark ; outline curved, more so than ausonides, but not so much as in /anceolata or pima,; spiracles indicated by blackish points. Considerable variation occurs in the curvature of the profile; one pupa we had was very straight, more so than in any of the other species; palpi case more or less recurved, sometimes quite noticeably so. Normal length 22 mm.
We are much indebted to Prof. Chas. A. Shull for copying for us the text in this genus from Edwards’s Butterflies of North America.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.
The fourth meeting of the Entomological Society of America was held in Baltimore, Dec. 30 and 31, in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science and other Societies. The number in attendance was exceptionally large.
The sessions were called to order on Wednesday morning by the
4§ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
President, Dr. Wm. Morton Wheeler. The report of the Committee on Nomenclature was received. It will be printed in the “Annals” and brought up for discussion next meeting. Appropriate minutes were adopted in regard to the deaths of Drs. Ashmead and Fletcher, and the deaths of Messrs. C. A. Davis, A. Craw and A. V. Taylor were also announced by the Chair. The election of the following Fellows was announced: E, P. Felt, S. W. Williston; A. D. MacGillivray, T. D. A. Cockerell, E. D. Ball, and also the election of 39 members.
The following suggestion was considered and referred to the Com- mittee on Nomenciature: ‘That the Entomological Society of America should undertake to get out a list of all names of insects, to be used as a standard code, like the A. O. U. code.” The following resolution was adopted and referred to the Executive Commiitee with power to act: “That it is the sense of the Society that the duty on insects is objection- able and should be abolished.”
An amendment to the constitution was proposed, to be voted on at the next meeting, abolishing the present requirement that officers shall be chosen only from the list of Fellows. An additional by-law was adopted, as follows: 6. “Any member may become a lifemember upon payment of $50 at one time, and shall be exempt from further assessments. He shall receive during his life one copy of each issue of the Annals.”
The following officers were elected: President, Dr. Henry Skinner ; First Vice-Pres., Prof. Herbert Osborn; Second Vice-Pres., Dr. A. D. Hopkins ; Sec.-Treas., J. Chester Bradley. Additional members of the Executive Committee: Prof. J. H. Comstock, Dr. John B. Smith, Dr. W. M. Wheeler, Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Mr. E. A. Schwarz and Prof. Lawrence Bruner. Standing Committee on Nomenclature (for three years), Dr. E. P. Felt, to succeed himself. Member of the Editorial Board, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. Fletcher, Rev. Prof. C. J.S. Bethune.
On Wednesday afternoon a joint session with Section F.,A:A. A. S. was held, at which Dr. John B. Smith presided. At both this and the following session on Thursday very full and interesting lists of papers were read.
The sessions closed with an exceedingly interesting address on Thurs- day evening by Dr. E. B. Poulton, Hope Professor of Zoology in Oxford University, England, on ‘“‘Mimicry in the Butterflies of North America.” The address was illustrated by many beautiful lantern slides, and was attended by a large and appreciative audience. It, and also the full minutes of the sessions, will be published in the ‘‘Annals of the Entomo- logical Society of America.” —J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Sec,-Treas., Ithaca,N.Y.
~
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49
so
THE EGGS OF LUTZIA BIGOTII, BELLARDI (CULICID®).
BY ALLAN H. JENNINGS, ANCON, CANAL ZONE, PANAMA.
On May 30, 1908, while collecting along a rapid mountain stream on the Island of Caldera, Porto Bello Bay, Rep. Panama, I secured several masses of mosquito eggs, which subsequently proved to be those of Lutzia Bigotit.
They were taken from a small pool in the rocky bank of the stream, the water of which was supplied by the stream itself, the pool being nearly filled with vegetable matter consisting of dead leaves, twigs, petals of flowers, seeds, etc.
_Nearly full-grown larve of Zutz¢a were present, as well as many of Anopheles eisent and many of several species of Culex, none of the latter, however, being bred.
The eggs were cylindrical, about one thirty-second of an inch in length, as nearly as could be estimated (no means of accurate measure- ment being at hand), slender, and terminated in a nearly hemispherical head of the same diameter as the body of the egg, which, however, was drawn to alow point or apex. The body of the rod-like egg was ofa pale yellowish-white, with a metallic reflection appearing almost golden in certain lights, while the apex or head, which was sharply defined, was of a pale blue colour.
The eggs were arranged in a double row, forming a raft or boat. The largest mass contained twenty-five pairs, but with nothing to indicate its original size. Several smailer masses were taken from the same pool, but whether they had formed a part of the same or another raft it is impossible to say.
The eggs adhered to each other rather tenaciously, and did not become separated by being poured into a collecting vial nor by the rather rough journey back to camp.
The “boat” floats low in the water, the rod-like portion being nearly
submerged, only the ‘‘head” showing above the surface. . I should think that these eggs were laid during the night of May 28th.
At 8 p.m. on May 30th, or presumably 48 hours after being laid, hatching began, the young being easily identified, and showing the charac- teristic attitude and habits of the larva of this species. They immediately began preying voraciously upon each other, and materially reduced their
numbers before the next morning, when they were separated,
February, 1909
50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
In hatching the young larvee emerged from the bottom of the egg, the clear yellowish-white colour becoming dark and blackish and the cohesion of the empty cases being lost, the eggs fell gradually apart and the mass finally disintegrated.
The young larvie were carefully separated and grew rapidly, increas- ing by the next morning fully 50 per cent. in length and doubling their size within 24 hours. The adults began emerging in ten days from date of oviposition, though an unavoidable lack of food material for a short time may have slightly lengthened the normal time of development.
TWO NEW SEED-INFESTING CHALCIS FLIES. BY CYRUS R. CROSBY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.
Prodecatoma phytophaga, n. sp.—Female: Length, 2.4 to 2.7 mm.; abdomen, 1.2 to 1.3 mm.
Head and thorax densely umbilicate-punctate. General colour black: face, cheeks and a ring around the eyes light yellowish-brown ; sides of | prothorax, lateral angle of scapula, mesopleure and ventral side of abdomen more or less suffused with brownish ; pronotum with two small brownish spots sometimes obsolete.
Head seen from above as wide as the thorax, concave behind, strongly convex in front, a distinct frontal furrow present, in which the front ocellus is placed ; seen from in front a little wider than high ; the eyes small and widely separated. Face with a system of fine ridges radiating from the clypeus.
Propodeum with a median longitudinal depression, broad and regularly concave; propodeum on the sides rugose-reticulate, within the furrow densely, finely and distinctly reticulate-punctate ; anterior end of depression with two smooth submedian pits, posterior end with a semi- circular row of similar pits, Between this row and the insertion of the petiole there is a transversely striate elevation. No median carina present, except between the two anterior pits. Colour of propodeum black, except that in some specimens there is a testaceous streak on each side of median depression.
Antenne dusky, under side of scape yellowish ; club and scape of about equal length ; pedicel short ; funicle joints submoniliform, the first slightly longer than the others ; club elongate-oval, obtusely pointed at tip, the last two segments not separated by a distinct suture. Coxze black, in
some specimens more or less yellowish; rest of legs dull yellowish ; February, 1909
CAN. ENT., Vou. XLI. PLATE 2,
MA FL
Lf LL. HALE
(SAR ASKAS = - WRK (AE
6.
PRODECATOMA PHYTOPHAGA, CROSBY.
Lj bo
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
posterior femora with a black area on the outside ; posterior tibie more or less infuscate. Wings hyaline; veins brownish. For relative length of veins see figs. 1 and 2.
Abdomen seen from above pointed ovate ; segment 5 twice as long as 4, its posterior margin broadly concave; segment 3 two-thirds as long as 4; dorsum of abdomen black, the venter brownish, the amount of brownish varying in different specimens ; sometimes a band runs up on the side of segment 5 so as to be visible from above ; on segment 6 the brownish on the anterior margin is nearly continuous across the dorsum ; on segment 7 the black is confined to a large basal triangular spot, which does not quite attain the tip. ‘The abdomen is smooth and shining, with a very delicate hexagonal reticulation of impressed lines. The relative length of the segments as seen from the side is shown in fig. 3.
Male: Length, 2.7 mm.; abdomen, 1.2 mm. Differs from the female in having the thorax entirely black (in two specimens only are the pleurze brownish), in the greater amount of black on the head and in the very small amount of brownish on abdomen.
Median longitudinal depression of propodeum with a distinct furrow, irregularly rugose, sometimes with the ridges so arranged as to give a median carina.
Antenne black, with the scape yellowish, except distal half above ; pedicel below and ring-joint yellowish ; the funicle joints pedicellate and distinctly constricted in the middle, clothed with two whorls of long hairs. The first joint of the club is more distinctly separated than the last two. Posterior femora and tibiz darker than in the female.
Petiole much longer than posterior coxz, three-fifths as long as rest of abdomen, finely rugulose, with a short median and two lateral carinz at the posteriorend. Abdomen seen from the side straight below, highly arched and squarely declivous in front. The relative proportion of the segments as seen from the side are shown in fig. 4.
Described from 5 females and’ 17 males, reared during the summer of 1908 from seeds of Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinguefolia, collected at Ithaca and Taughannock Falls, N. Y. Under natural condi- tions the adults appear during Jate July and early August.
Eurytoma rhois, n. sp.—Female: Length, 1.7 to 2.8 mm.; abdomen, .g to 1.5mm. General colour black ; head and thorax densely umbilicate- punctate.
Dorsal view of the head is shown in fig. 7. In form and sculpture the thorax is very similar to that of Laurytomocharis triodie. Propodeum
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53
coarsely rugose on the sides ; the longitudinal median depression broad and shallow, densely and distinctly reticulate-punctate, except in the longitudinal furrow, which is rugose and much wider in front than behind, where there is frequently a single or rarely a double longitudinal carina. In the smaller specimens the median furrow is entirely lacking.
Antenne slightly clavate, dusky, except scape beneath, which is dull brownish-yellow. The relative length of the segments is shown in fig. 8 ; viewed at a different angle the club is a little broader. Coxe black ; femora black, tip yellowish-brown ; tibize brownish, more or less infuscate medially ; tarsi nearly white. On the cephalic face of front coxee there is a deep diagonal furrow bounded in front by a distinct ridge. This ridge near the upper outer angle makes a sharp turn and extends transversely around on the side of the segment. Mesosternum has a distinct median pit in front ; median carina lacking, except posteriorly, where it is represented by a delicate ridge. Wings hyaline. (Figs. 9 and ro.)
Abdomen smooth, without sculpture, subcompressed, seen from the side broadly ovate, the tip sharp-pointed ; segments 2, 3, and 4 subequal, the fifth longer than 3 and 4 together, the sixth very narrow and gently emarginate in front of the spiracle of the seventh; the seventh segment clothed with fine white pile. (Fig. rr.)
Male: Length, 2 to 2.4 mm.; abdomen,.g mm. These measure- ments are only approximate on account of the contracted condition of the abdomen in these specimens.
Propodeum with the median longitudinal depression wide and shallow, the furrow much less distinct than in female. The legs and wing- veins are much darker than in female. Antennze black; scape at base and ring-joint brownish. Scape slightly enlarged beneath towards tip ; pedicel subglobose ; the five funicle joints subequal, arched above, not constricted at the middle, briefly pedicellate, and each with two whorls of rather short hairs ; club as long as scape, two-jointed. (Fig. 12.) Petiole slightly longer than the hind coxe, and finely but distinctly rugulose- reticulate ; cox with the same sculpture above. The body of abdomen is highly arched above, squarely declivous in front ; the fourth segment is longer than the fifth and sixth together.
Described from numerous specimens reared during the summer of
1908 from seeds of Sumac, Rhus hirta, collected at Ithaca and Taughan- nock Falls, N. Y.
Schreimer (Zeitschr. wiss. Insbiol., lV, pp. 26-28, 1908) gives an account of the phytophagous habits of another species of this genus, to
CaN. ENT., VOL. XLI. PLATE 3.
EURYTOMA RHOIS, CROSBY,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5D
which Mayr has given the manuscript name of Lurytoma Schreimert. It infests the seeds of the plum in Astrakan, Russia, and causes considerable damage to the crop, the infested fruit dropping while still quite small.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES 2 AND 3.
Plate 2, fig. 1.—Prodecatoma phytophaga, 9 wing. “« 2— = x stigmal area of 9 wing. 3.— Ny % ° abdomen from side. ie «4. me on d abdomen from side. oh « 5— * y ? antenna, hairs omitted. e “« 6.— bh if ¢ antenna. Plate 3, “ 7.—Eurytoma rhois, ? head from above. He 2S yee ee Ee ? antenna, hairs omitted. i “ 9.— es Ce WI, FS © f0.— x “« stigmal area of 2 wing. u 1. “ ee ¢ abdomen from side. a “ 12.— ie bi dé antenna.
THE JAPANESE COCCIDé:. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO.
In the Bulletin of the Imperial Central Agricultural Experiment Station of Japan, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1907), Mr. S. I. Kuwana has published a new list of the Cocciaz of Japan, with numerous new species. I am indebted to Dr. L. O. Howard for the loan of the work, which is probably little known in this country. A very beautiful Zcerya, illustrated by coloured figures, is introduced as 7. okade. It is, however, exactly like I. seychellarum (Westwood), and I do not see any reason for separating it from that species, except that according to the figure the femur is much stouter. Cerococcus murate is a most interesting species, but I think it should be known as So/enophora murate (Kuw.). Pseudococcus take (Dactylopius take, Kuw.) is a new species on bamboo ; the figure of the antenne shows nine joints, although the description indicates only eight. From the figures, and the general appearance, one might suspect the insect to be a Phenacoccus. Ripersia oryz@, Kuw., found at roots of rice, has large subcylindrical caudal lobes, and cannot be regarded as a true Azpersta ; no doubt the discovery of the larva and male will throw light on its affinities. Aclerda (?) biwakoensis, Kuw., on Phragmites, should be compared with 4. japonica, Newstead; it might be the same, but
for apparent differences at the caudal end, /Pu/vinaria Kuwacola, on February, 1909
56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
mulberry leaves, is a curious species with a_ very short ovisac. Lecanium kunoensis, Kuw., is very much like Z. cerasorum, Ckll., and may possibly be the same. udecanium glandi (Lecanium giandi, Kuw.) is an immense species, 15 mm. long, found on apple, pear, etc. Xylococcus matsumure is given as a new species, but it was originally introduced to our notice in Insect World, March, 1go5. It is not a Xy/ococcus, but forms a remarkakle new genus. The table of genera allied to Xy/ococcus, as given in CANAD. EnTom.,, Oct., 1899, p. 275, may be enlarged as follows :
Antenne of adult female 8-jointed ; first joint extremely large ; second short, very much broader than long; joints broader apically than basally; last joint oblong, longer than any except the first; body elongated, 374 times as long as brvad, blunt posteriorly; legs well developed, the anterior femora noticeably stout; tibia much longer than tarsi; no mouth. (Russia)...... Steinge/ia, Nassonow (type S. gorodetskia, Nassonow).*
Antenne of adult female 9-jointed.
With an anal tube producing a long rod or thread of wax; last joint of antenna of larva moderate, with long bristles (Europe; Ui )8:):0.skn rite os ee wees Aplococcus, Loew. With no anal tube ; last joint of antenna of larva exceedingly large, with short bristles (Japan, Ceylon).... ....:....Kuwantia, Ckll. Antenne of adult female with 10 or rr joints.
Female with a marsupium, in which the eggs are laid (Australia).'. ¢ suse Ys dus vs s+ wind es +) eee OM ID ADD hy CGrn
Female without a marsupium; broad posteriorly, not elongated, antennz 1o-jointed. close together ; Zarva with antennz 7-jointed, and very peculiar crab-like legs, the femur large ; made without whorls of long hairs on the antennal joints; caudal brush long, arising from the apical segment ; rudimentary hind wing with very large hooks (Japan)... 0... cece cece ce cee eee teen ete eens
Matsucoccus, Ckl\. (type Watsucoccus matsumure, Kuwana).
Matsu is the pine-tree, on which the new genus was found. It is
evidently related to Callipappus, but much less specialized, probably representing the general stock from which Cadlipappus arose.
In his list, Mr. Kuwana enumerates only two species of Astero-
lecanium,; but he himself has sent me two others; one new, the other (col- lected by Mr. Kuroyuwa in the Lu Chu Islands) is 4. bam hus, Boisd.
*I received this insect some years ago from Professor Nassonow, and understood that he was about to publish it, which he has done in Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad, Imp. Sci., St. Petersburg, xiii, p. 345. The specimen is nowat the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Gq
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5T
NEW HISTORIES AND SPECIES IN PAPAIPEMA (HYDRCCIA). BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N. Y.
(Continued from Vol. XL, page 30.)
For some years past the writer has wondered if the species of Papaipema, boring as a larva in Helianthus giganteus throughout this section of the Atlantic seaboard, was really the zecopina of Grote. The fact of its restricted occurrence, which a wider knowledge of our fauna has yearly accentuated, made us wonder whether Buffalo, N. Y., the type locality, would in any likelihood support this species. Ten years back this local form was sent to Mr. Grote when he was at Hildesheim, Ger- many, and confirmed by him to be the zecopina he had described twenty years before. His types, however, were not with him for comparison, being in the British Museum, and there remained a slight difference in the description of his species and the local form. With each succeeding year that it was bred at Rye, and the occurrences were in goodly numbers, we became more impressed with the constancy of the species, and that, in the slight degree wherein it differed, this discrepancy always held. Later comparisons by different ones of the British Museum types with Rye material elicited no suggestion of a tangible difference. Finally zmper- turbata, working in Helianthus divaricatus, was encountered, and it differs from the description of mecopima quite as much as the seaboard form. Certainly it and the latter are very distinct, though superficially the moths are much alike. At this time both are sent to the British Museum, as Sir George Hampson is studying the group in the preparation of his Catalogue. He reports the species in 4. giganteus to be undoubtedly necopina, though noting the presence of a transverse posterior line on the primaries, which does not occur in the originals. Later on he asks, ‘Can there be a third species and this the typical zecopina ?”
At about this time, however, material for identification had been received by the writer from Messrs. Lucas and Moeser, of Buffalo, and bred by them there, among which appeared a form running larger than imperturbata, though returned as probably that species. It certainly was not “‘wecopina” as we had so long known it. The matter was deemed worthy of further investigation, and ona kind invitation to explore some of their favourite preserves in July, 1908, a few profitable days were spent in that locality. It soon became apparent that the species they had reared was a very common and well-established one there, occurring everywhere
that neglected areas allowed the growth of Helianthus tuberosus, its February, 1909
58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
apparently preferred food-plant, to flourish. In some places the larve were so plentiful as to overrun the burdocks and probably other weeds, but in no instance was it found in He/ianthus divaricatus which grew in the infested localities or elsewhere. H. giganteus was not noticed at all.
In due course, for it is not a late species, as is the seaboard form, a series of the moths come forth and prove conclusively that we are dealing with necopina, Grote, at last. Some variation is found to exist, and it appears the types are well-developed specimens of the darkest form. The larva is a vigorous one and possessed of a good appetite, which the rugged food-plant allows to be satisfied. It enters’ the plant a few inches above the ground level and works downward two or three inches below this line, but in no instance does it get down to the tubers, which are much deeper. Its work produces an elliptically elongate swelling, about twice the size of the normal stem and from three to five inches long. The original aperture of entrance is, after a while, given up for a larger one lower down, from which the abundant castings are ejected, At maturity this opening is enlarged that the larva may leave, for the pupal change does not occur in the gallery. From their advanced condition at July 15th it was evident that the larvee must have emerged from the hibernated eggs in the last days of May, as we found the brood well on in the penultimate stage. It is characterized as follows :
Head normal, well rounded, shining and of golden-russet colour, mouth-parts tipped with brown ; width, 2.4 mm.
Body cylindrical, a little larger at the middle in this stage. The dorsal line is broad and continuous ; the subdorsal equally pronounced, except on the first four abdominal segments, where it is lost. The colour is a pale, burnt-sienna ground, on which the dull yellowish-white stripes are plainly shown. The shield on joint one is fully as wide as the head and nearly covers the segment above. It is paler than the head, shining, of a honey-yellow hue, edged laterally with black. The tubercles are small and nearly of one size ; IV, the largest of the lateral ones, is the size of the spiracle ; the Jatter shining black, the tubercles brownish-black. I and II on joint eleven form the corners of a pronounced square, and are not con- fluent. The anal and leg plates are normal and agree with the thoracic in texture. There is no symptom of the accessory tubercle IVa on joint ten. Length, 40-43 mm.
Maturity finds the larva a little more robust, the colour faded to a soiled whitish translucence, with the lines lost or nearly so. The tubercles
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59
are smaller and fainter, otherwise no change. Plates the same, the thoracic is the most noticeable marking. Length, 43-45 mm. Larve at Buffalo became normally mature July 22-28 ; the parasitized or diseased examples are in evidence some days later. JVecopina larve belong to the major section of the genus in having the continuous dorsal line and no accessory tubercle [Va on joint ten. Excepting a very slight degree of colour or size, there is little to differentiate them from a dozen other species.
The pupal change occurs outside of the boring under a slight depth of soil or refuse. It is a very normal pupa, and shows no character of individuality. The head and thoracic region are smooth, and show no unusual development. The anal spur consists of two minute points. Coleur glossy chestnut-brown. Length, 20-24 mm.
The dates of emergence for a dozen specimens are Aug. 24th to Sept. gth.
This species does not occur at Rye, N. Y., but seems most diffused north and north-westward. Jmperturbata, Bird, from Western Pennsyl- vania, appears to be a geographical race, of smaller size and having paler secondaries. An absence of larval difference points to this end; though a different food-plant, a pupal change in the burrow and a slightly later emergence bespeak some individuality from the features prevailing in the Buffalo colonies of xecopina.
Establishing the identity of Grote’s species leaves the local form, discovered many years ago by the writer, without name, and for which the following is proposed :
Papaipema maritima, n. sp.—Ground colour of the imago dark grayish-brown, or it may become somewhat olivaceous. Head is of the darker shade, the white scales at the base of the antennz are not seen in this species. The antenne are simple, a little heavier in the male. The vestiture of the thorax is heavy and looser than with most species, of the uniform ground hue densely powdered with grayish-white atoms. The erect thoracic tuft is loose, of conical form rather than the adze shape which usually holds. At rest it is tilted a little forward of perpendicular. The abdomen lacks the white powderings and the tufts are hardly discern- ible. The denuded head is perfectly smooth in front. Primaries nearly uniform in colour, powdered with grayish-white scales, the median space slightly darker ; the t. p. line may be faintly made out, though it is never prominent. The t. a. line is still more faint, but it can usually be seen in the lower half of its course ; both are indistinctly double. Ordinary spots
60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
wanting. Secondaries dark smoky, the veins a little darker; a vague median shade line usually shows above. Beneath the wings are a lighter or mouse-gray, well powdered, especially the secondaries, across which the median line is traced in the dark ground colour. The sexual characters of the male are of the normal pattern. Expanse, 44 to 48 mm.
Habitat: The Atlantic seaboard in the neighbouring latitude of New York City.
One hundred and eight examples without mar or blemish are before the writer, and show scarcely any variation. In point of size their con- stancy is quite remarkable for the genus, and the phase of variation consists in a tendency of the ground colour to fade to an olivaceous hue. It is a rather heavy and broad winged species, larger and darker than necopina, has thet. p. line more conspicuous and lacks the bluish tone of the subterminal space which generally holds with the latter. A great many specimens have been disseminated from Rye under the zecopina label, and attention must now be called to their incorrect determination. Co-types will go to the U. S. National and the British Museums.
Confined with their growing food-plant, these moths mate and oviposit sparingly. The ova are placed singly, or in clusters of several, about the base of the plant and live over the winter. The egg is nearly globular, the lateral diameter greatest, measuring nearly .7 mm, Colour is pale, shading yellowish, or in some cases toa flesh tint. Its period extends from the middle of October to first of June.
The young larvee, upon hatching, at once enter the stems of the food-plant about two inches up and begin feeding, the original entrance serving as an orifice for disposing waste. They are very slender and delicate, yet able to bite their way into the solid stem. The first pair of abdominal legs are aborted and the larva moves ina semilooping manner. On entering the second stage the dark central portion of the body be- comes evident and the white longitudinal lines appear, but all are discontinued on the first four abdominal segments. We are now able to place the larva in that section containing cerussata, sciata, inguesita, etc , and from this time to maturity this prominent feature continues. June 28th finds them well on in the third stage; a period of nine days per stage seems to prevail, as with other species. Larve now measure 24 mm. in length, and are of the usual smooth cylindrical form. The rounded head is of a golden-yellow hue, does not show the black side line as it occurs in nitela and others; width, 1.9 mm. The longitudinal lines on the thoracic
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 61
joints are white and overbalance the dark purplish-brown body colour ; dorsal line narrower than subdorsal or substigmatal ; they do not entirely cross these joints, but end at the middle of the third segment ; their continuation on the last five joints shows the ground colour appearing in a stripe of width equal to the lines. The dorsal is here as wide as the subdorsal, but the substigmatal becomes blended with the white of the under side. The inception of these lines is really on the posterior edge of joint seven, as it plainly crosses the suture between seven and eight. The appearance of such a contrasting and queerly-marked larva seems odd for a boring species where little colour generally occurs, but it is conventional for Papaipema, and we are enabled by a little change in this pattern and some structural details to arrange the species in a very convenient table. While at variance with the disposition of the moths in some respects, it 1s to be considered more fundamental, doubtless. The tubercle arrangement is normal for the stage ; on joints two and three I, II and IIIa are small and in line directly across the segment; III, IV and V are large, in triangular setting ; IV very large, the size of the other two combined. On the abdominal segments this one is not quite so large, yet it exceeds the others ; all are shining black, and bear a single, stiff, fine seta, nearly a millimeter in length. ‘The thoracic and anal plates are as usual, the former edged with black at its lower side. The features hold through the succeeding stages, the colour becoming lighter with each moult and the tubercles proportionately smaller. At maturity we have a translucent, whitish larva, which tapers more posteriorly than any other, the anal extremity with its protective shield being proportionately very small. The tubercles can scarcely be discerned even with a lens; III and IV on the thoracic joints being the only conspicuous ones. Even I and II on joint twelve, which usually hold their prominence, have faded to uncertain definition. The thoracic plate loses its black edging, but remains as wide as the head. Well-developed larve attain a length of 52 mm. Maturity is reached about Aug. 15th, and pupation occurs within the boring. The pupa differs from any other species in possessing two small tubercles in front, one between the antenne, the other slightly above. It might be expected the moth would show a corresponding structure, but this does not occur. At the middle of the thoracic region the pupa shows a slight constriction and the abdominal segments taper more than usual. It is extremely active, and can bend toa greater angle than others. When disturbed, as they so frequently are, they revolve rapidly, standing upright
62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
on the anal extremity and bend until the head rests against the wall of the gallery. Length, 25 mm.; emergence Sept. 23rd to Oct. roth. The habits of maritima have been extensively observed, for it is so easily located, and its near-by occurrence has placed it conspicuously befere the writer, during the fifteen years following its first discovery. Yet in all this time there has never been seen a single moth at large, though they breed within a few hundred yards of windows, where for many years all comers to light were welcome. At sugar, at electric light, or gas lamp, never a specimen ; it would remain unknown to us still if we had never lifted the lid of a breeding-box. This secretive and inactive condition becomes conspicuous when it can be said thousands of larvee have no doubt been noticed in this Rye locality and hundreds of the moths reared without serious effort. Like their congeners, they are very punctual in their date for emergence each year, and a glance at the calendar will note the day for gathering a supply of the ripe pup. Still their concerted emergence will be influenced by weather conditions to some extent ; a warm sunny day following the- cold or wet conditions that appear in early fall will find them coming out in numbers, most notably in the evening hours, between eight and ten. The food-plant is He/ianthus giganteus, and it makes an admirable plant for the operations of a boring larva. While there is ample stem, wherein such examples as cataphracta and others are wont to extensively tunnel when they happen to select it, maritima works only at the base, and the plant which is growing rapidly at the time of the intrusion coun- terbalances the effect by the formation of a large gall directly above the root. These ovate swellings, sometimes more than twice the diameter of the plant, and an inch and a half across, give easy intimation of the larval presence. An old and vigorous root clump may frequently harbour eight or ten larvee, and usually the last year’s galls may be also seen, though a single stem is never tenanted by more than one. And while this gall formation is an individual feature of the species, it is the neat door they prepare for the emergence of the moth that has always interested the writer. The last act of the larva before the final ecdysis is to gnaw a U-shaped opening through the walls of the gall to the epidermis, which is left intact, except that around the lower periphery minute perforations are made. None are made across the top, however, and in a few days this skin becomes dry from receiving no sap, shrinks a little and breaks free at the bottom, while it hangs very nicely from the top where no perforations were made. Without this door the moth could not possibly escape, and
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 63
while other species make a similar exit and leave a portion of the epidermis over the opening, there is no apparent design in the matter. So the most gentle push will swing this portal from within, and, unfortunately, a similar pressure will answer from without, a fact soon discovered by the vulgar herd. But maritima has never had any experience with the outside world, and soon its handiwork is destroyed by the scores of stragglers that are ever seeking the seclusion afforded by such a commodious chamber, and a perfect door is rarely opened by the moth for which it was intended. Conditions which make maritima especially favourable for observation are directly traceable to the food-plant, and it is a pleasure to conceive we can now see it at work in a manner that prevailed primitively. In Helianthus giganteus we meet a plant which flourishes many years from its root-clump without change, sending up rugged stems, often a dozen or more, to the height of eight feet, each succeeding year. It is one of those strong, coarse weeds that easily work out their salvation in the competition with their neighbours, and is naturally well disseminated. While a plant of the open, it attains greatest perfection in those semi-swampy conditions that prevail where the fresh-water streams of long ago have met the arms of the sea and deposited at tide-water level the rich humus and peat formation that have been the accumulations of centuries. The north shore of Long Island Sound presents innumerable instances of this nature, and from their underlying peaty deposits and the slightly saline character, a certain portion of these areas is immune from the advance of an arboreal growth, and the primitive forest never claimed them. Here the flora is naturally somewhat unique, and the insect life, of course, conforms to it. Our Papaipema species have not been slow to avail themselves of such con- ditions, an evidence of their aristocratic proclivities, and flourish here according to a more or less prearranged schedule. Furthest out where the salt-meadow conditions prevail and where the spring tides overflow the soil twice monthly, grows a luxuriant fringe of Solidago sempervirens, its roots deep in the meadow muck and containing P. duovata. Immedi- ately inside this He/ianthus giganteus begins to appear where a_ handful of upland soil serves to temper the muck, and maritima will be found in the outermost vanguards. From the moment upland proper begins there is a revel of those rank plants which perennially hold their own ; the coarse Aster umbellatus tenanted by P. impecuniosa, Lilium superbum a choice tit-bit for cataphracta, Cicuta maculata containing marginidens, and Lhalictrum polygamum with its ever-present frigida. As we come to
64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
the shade of the encroaching wood, we find the Brakes tenanted by inquesita and fpterisii, the Speedwell with its sctata, the Ironweed with cerussata in its crown. In the deeper shadows Cod/insonia Canadensis shelters both astuta and duplicata. If fortunate in the locality, the Heracleum lanatum may contain Harrisiz. <A little farther up the bed of the ancient stream, if a Sphagnum bog has formed, there may lurk in the Pitcher plants the glorious appassionata. When such localities have escaped the torch for a number of years, more Papaipema species may be found there to the square yard than in any other territory.
In the perpetuation of species, ‘‘survival of the fittest” may have its place among the higher animals and elsewhere, but among insects, and with maritima in particular, we are impressed with what is rather a sur- vival of the most fortunate. The casualties from parasitism, disease and depredations of enemies of one sort and another bring the fatalities up to an alarming percentage. But after all, if the progeny of a single pair amounted to more than another pair in the genera! outcome, we should soon have to do with pests rather than the elusive and long-overlooked occurrences of our Pafaipema species. With the one under consideration the mode of larval habit lends nicely to such study, and this question of a balance in nature is admirably demonstrated. It, of all the congeners, shows the least disposition to ever leave its burrow, and, as it is so easily located in the conspicuous gall, it is not difficult to tell just how many of a certain locality and brood attain maturity or fall to eventualities. The question how many ova may have been deposited there and escaped the mites, which destroy such numbers shortly after they are laid in the fall, or have survived other vicissitudes of the winter period, to ultimately give up their larvee, is only problematical. From the moment a larva locates in a plant we know it, and it is easy to figure out the average which mature, and this is surprisingly small.
Of parasites, the most abundant is a Hymenopteron, a species of Hemiteles, which attacks many of the other species as well, most notably, perhaps, wite/a and fterisii. Occurring with it is a wingless form of some Pezomachus species, whose presence with the former was a surprise. The Hemiteles \arvee attain maturity as the host-larva reaches the last moult, causing it to succumb before pupation. The parasites at maturity pierce the skin of the host and immediately spin up a tough, brownish cocoon, of elliptical form, longitudinally creased and about three millimetres in length. From 3o to 4o usually infest one host, and all emerge and spin
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65
their cocoons within a few hours. These are formed in a mass about, though not adhering to the disabled host, and become gummed together into a hard cluster. The winged adults escape by biting an opening at the end of the cocoon. ‘To definitely determine the pupal period, a mass of 32 cocoons from a certain host was obtained Aug. 3rd and placed in a test tube, when, on the 31st day, 18 Hemiteles species and two curious ant-like creatures appeared. A lens showed the latter to be possessed of an ovipositor, and to be only ant-like in their movements, all specimens, in fact, being females. Just what these wingless Pezomacius species may be doing in this mass of cocoons, which all seem alike, unless they are secondary parasites, does not appear. They are quite as large as the Hemiteles, though lacking wings. But there are interesting phases of polymorphism at work here, for it is found later that a good proportion of the Hemiteles pupe live over the winter, and these evidently carry the perfect sexes. Four days later three minute examples of a secondary parasite, without question, Zoxotropha flavipes, Ashm., appeared. Just how these little creatures work out their life-cycle must be a complex proposition, especially if dependent on other species than their present host. It is probable they pass the winter as adults, for they have been found as late as Dec. 1st hidden away in the maritima galls. In foliowing up their career much would depend upon what period of the host’s development they attacked. J/aritima is preyed upon by another parasite of similar character, in a species of Apante/es. In this instance from 50 to 60 parasitic larve will emerge mature from the nearly full- grown host and spin up a cluster of pretty white silken cocoons, which open with a circular lid at one end to permit the escape of the imago. About 80 per cent. of these proved females, and the pupal period was ten days longer than the Hemite/es. No hyperparasite was observed, nor any cocoons holding over the winter. This species occurs infrequently with maritima, but very commonly infests P. duovata.
Of the larger Ichneumon parasites, there are several species which have been noticed, though their numbers never seem great. Jchneumon letus, Cress., is quite often found, and probably does not reach the larva until late, for its emergence is always from the chrysalis. It is very late, too, in the pupal period before its presence is noted ; apparently healthy and very active pupe will, a few days before the time of giving up the moth, suddenly become dark and rigid, and soon one of these active wasps will eat its ways out of the pupal shell. It is hardly possible that
66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
this insect enters the gallery to place an ovum upon, or in direct contact with, the host-larva, unless it waits until the doorway is made for the moth’s exit, for the ventilating orifice is too small to permit it to enter. There is a period of several days between the making of the door and the final ecdysis, when the larva is less active and shrinking for the change, and which render it especially vulnerable, and it is believed this is the time of attack. True, the oyum of the Ichneumon might be merely thrust within the ventilating opening, and the larva yet reach its host from this proximity. If the above supposition is correct, there would be a period of four weeks for the developments, and this seems sufficient.
I am indebted to Mr. J. C. Crawford, of the U.S. National Museum, for the determination of these Hymenopterous parasites. Of parasitic Diptera several have been noticed; one, a large hairy fly (Aasicera myoidea ?), is a rapacious enemy. In another case it appears the infestor
may be simply a scavenger, as its larva had only been noticed about a decomposing caterpillar that had succumbed apparently from some previous trouble. Its pupa winters over as do the numerous puparia of another species whose presence within the galls was not understood. But they occur so commonly and in such numbers as to be reckoned with, in the life that flourishes here. Of the visitors, transient and permanent, which make these burrows their domicile, to the discomfiture of the original tenant, the most numerous and obtrusive are those common myriapods, the ‘‘ sow-bugs,” which gain access in some numbers through the ventilator, and later, by the exit door crowd the chamber to its full capacity. From twenty to thirty are often packed about the chrysalis, which wriggles and spins around as their movements excite it. We might fancy maritima pupz have acquired their unusual activity and freedom of movement from the turmoil going on about them. It is due to these visitors that the hinged lid of the exit door is so soon broken down, and then such an enticing aperature naturally suggests security to other denizens of dark, damp places. Centipedes, snails, slugs, stray Coleoptera, and many species of ants are regularly seen. While these are mere visitors that congregate after the pupal change, and do not molest the pupa, unless it has died from fungous disease, the actions of two of the ants always appeared suspicious. In any breeding experiments with this genus the first move is to guard against the attacks of two common house-ants, these minute
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67
red ones that appear in such multitudes about old houses, and the large rapacious black ones. The former will attack either larva or pupa, the grease possessed by these boring larvae making them more sought for apparently. The black fellows await the emergence of the moth, and while yet soft from the pupa, before the wings have expanded, will rend it to pieces in an incredibly short time. What effect these ants have on the mortality in the field is unknown, for there would be nothing left to tell the tale were the action not observed. So when two ants of similar char- racter are noticed, it is wondered if they are there with intentions against the owner. One is a small red ant, that occurs only in empty galls, and which has taken up its abode there, as later the pupz are to be seen. But what has become of the maritima larva, it is not usual for it to be driven out by the mere presence of a visitor that is not hostile? And with the other, a pair would usually be found in a gall containing a live pupa, and they seemed to be very quietiy awaiting events. So the matter was referred to Prof. W. M. Wheeler, who knows so much of ants and their ways, to prove an alibi in their case if he were able. His reply is as follows :
‘“‘T think you have misinterpreted the intentions of these poor insects with regard to your moth larve.
“ The smaller ant is Lepfothorax curvispinosus, Mayr, an ant which lives in small colonies and nests, by preference in hollow stems and galls. It is frequently found in the galls of GeZechia, on golden-rod, and no doubt would utilize the galls of Papaipema in the same manner. It is a timid creature, which feeds on minute insects and the honey-dew that may be spattered by the plant lice on the surfaces of leaves.
“The large ant is the deadlated queen of Lastus claviger, Roger. This insect had no intention of molesting your moth larve, as you supposed, but was seeking a small cavity in which to found her colony. The queens do not prey on other insects, but are plentifully supplied with nutriment in the form of a large fat body, and they draw on this exclusively while they are bringing up their first brood of workers. Of course, ants will take advantage of any small, nearly-closed cavity with hard walls for nesting purposes. This is especially true of small species, or the timid queens who are just starting out to form their colonies, and, of course, we would do the same if we were in their places !”
Aside from casualities already mentioned, an observer of the life. history of maritima cannot fail to encounter the work of two animals that
68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
take toll in no small measure from the final outcome. Field mice and skunks consider these pupz most delectable diet, and their thoroughness: is SO apparent in the demolished galls, one wonders how any escape their keen noses. ‘The writer has drawn attention to this in an early paper, when the species was referred to as “ necopina” (Can. Ent., Vol. XXX, 131), how they always select a gall containing a pupa, and never one that contained a parasitized Iarva. This is easier than might appear, for they have but to feel for the exit door to know that a larva has matured and pupated therein. When there is no door there will be no pupa, for the Flemiteves had the first chance. The mice gnaw a hole half an inch in diameter or larger in the side of the gall, sufficient to extract the pupa, while the skunks with their greater strength tear a rougher and larger opening, and do a noticeable amount of scratching about the root-clusters.
As very few pupze escape in any locality these animals go over, they become an important factor in thé economy of the species. So far as observed, no others suffer in this manner from these animals, though why the pup of zmpecuntosa escape is not easily explained.
In a final word as to the ontogenetic features displayed in maritima, that most at variance with the congeners is the tuberculate character of the front of the pupa, though the larva shows some individuality from its immediate associates, as, in fact, does the moth. The supposed great similarity to zecopina, which has deceived all, vanishes when the species become properly known. While the tubercle is not continued in the imago, it may be inferred we have to do with a species connecting with Ochria, whose moth possesses an armature of this nature on the head, and which may be needed to force its way out of the chamber containing the pupa. With our species there is not this need, and the moth has lost the character, though a trace remains in the chrysalis.
There is the other alternative, of considering a pupal armature of use in opening a way to the surface through intervening tissues, in those cases where the moth emerges free at the outside of the burrow. Then maritima would be leading up to this specialization of Ochria. But no Papaipema make this effort of wriggling to the outlet, and all make openings to allow of the escape of the moths. Neitherthe pupa of Ochria nor its action is known to the writer, but the larva of O. favago reflects a different phylogeny, more in keeping with Gortyna.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69
THE FRUIT-INFESTING FORMS OF THE DIPTEROUS GENUS RHAGOLETIS, WITH ONE NEW SPECIES.
BY J. M. ALDRICH, MOSCOW, IDAHO.
The typical forms of Rhagoletis in North America are distinguished by their black colour, the scutellum conspicuously white or yellow and bearing four bristles, the wings with cross-bands, which may be somewhat oblique and curved ; the anterior cross-vein is situated about the middle of the discal cell ; first vein bristly along its whole length, the third vein only at base.
Two aberrant forms are included in the catalogue, sways, which is pale yellow, and caurina, which does not have bands on the wing. The complexity of the relations of Trypetid genera makes it difficult to assign all species to groups where they obviously fit, and it may be better to admit these two species provisionally than to assign them to other genera without examining specimens.
Mr. Doane, Ent. News, 1898, 69, suggests that Rhagoletis sephyrza of Snow is a synonym of R. pomoned//a, and this I think is correct.
Mr. Coquillett, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VII, 260, 1899, refers Acidia fausta and suavis to Rhagoletis, and I also agree with this ; the former, in fact, is the nearest known relative of zz¢trudens, the new species described
below : Table of Species of Rhagoletis.
MPEG, OLE Pate VEU O Wie sc:s atnss aos te cic ee ae oater ee, wal eye es suavis, Loew. Calounblacksor blackish: 4 switche a. aes se eteng yee ee iB
2. Wing pattern in scattered spots, not bands..........caurina, Doane. Wing pattern in bands. POE DUS IRGS ie TUR LEE RERE SOR a P aR RMD Ea 1
3. Py cr sree aS patie’. MeN Se y Siac ateies cian’, <eraun a Sioa eae Abdomen without cross-bands, entiiely black. SO AE OS INS Ko
4. A hyaline cross-band extends entirely across the wing through the distal part’ Gi the idisGale Gemeente Msieic sie ie el eety ove Ss sla ae
The hyaline portion not extending entirely across...............+7.
5. Humeral and stigmatic cross-bands confluent behind. fabe//aria, Fitch. Humeral and stigmatic cross-bands not connected...............6.
6. With a brown spot on the apex of the third vein..... cingulata, Loew. Without such spot.. BE da A, Eien a. ..¢eoscolay Doane,
7. The entire brown ithe at of the wing continuous. SS pasted, Wlsh.
The brown pattern discontinuous... ............ een v. d. W. February, 1909
70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
Sy Femoralyellow........0...50 5 ene. Sormpsay eon milett, Remora -black . 2°. ol Cgles lee Oia Bs 00a ene aes iD
9. The humeral cross-band Bictaeie: a hyaline triangle in front.. usage yest, . Jausta, Osten Sacken. The runt cross- band not oncinalia a yesline triangle. zvtrudens, n.sp.
Rhagoletis intrudens, n. sp.
Shining black ; the following parts yellow: Front, face, antenne, except apical part of arista, palpi, proboscis, cheeks, humeri, a streak from ‘the humerus to the wing below the dorso-pleural suture, scutellum, halteres, all the legs, except coxz and femora. Wings as figured, the veins whitish in the pale portions and blackish in the rest ; the. pale portions of the membrane are distinctly white, not transparent except close to the margin ; anal cell with only a blunt point ; first vein distinctly hairy to the tip.
Chetotaxy: Postvertical pair of bristles rather large, conspicuously white, all other bristles black; vertical 2, orbital 1, fronto-orbital 2 reclinate, lower fronto-orbital 3 cruciate, on lower edge of cheek 1, humeral 1, notopleural] 2, dorsocentral r (behind the suture, there may be another where the pin is inserted), presutural 1, supra-alar 3, post-alar o, scutellar 2, mesopleural 2 (on the posterior edge), pteropleural 1, sterno- pleural 1.
Abdomen uniform shining black, with rather coarse hairs, larger on the posterior margins of the segments ; on the posterior margin of the fifth segment a row of well-developed bristles ; sixth segment a little longer than the fifth, hairy ; ovipositor retracted in the described specimen.
Third joint of antenna reddish, with an acute upturned point at end ; arista pubescent ; palpi with a few black hairs at tip.
Length, 4.1 mm.; of wing, 3.9 mm.
Described from one female specimen with the following label: “6.3142. W. R. Palmer, Victoria, B.C. Emerged at Ottawa, ro, VI, 1907.”
It is highly probable that the same species occurs in the vicinity of Kendrick, Idaho, as I have found late sour cherries there considerably affected with a dipterous larva, which I have not reared.
A few words on the economic relations of the species may be worth while. The habits of but four species of our fauna are known ; all these species are figured in the accompanying illustration, the pattern of the wing being sufficient to separate them. All the drawings are on the same
GANY ENT. VOle Xt PLATE 4,
4 U9 te awry myn
un
c: ‘ prevvyy i’
f Ay Ae prs edeyny ree ae
FRUIT-INFESTING, FORMS OF RHAGOLETIS,
72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
scale, and made with camera lucida. The upper figure represents the wing of Rhagoletis ribicola, Doane, which affects the garden gooseberry and currant in the State of Washington and in northern Idaho. It is a native species, as I collected an adult on a wild gooseberry at Pollock, Idaho, many miles from a railroad ; its original food was doubtless the wild species of currant and gooseberry, so abundant in the Pacific Northwest.
There is another Trypetid, Zpochra Canadensis, Loew, that infests currants and gooseberries from Maine to Vancouver Island, but as it belongs to a different genus I allude to it here only to note the similarity of habit, and perhaps save some one from a wrong identification of its larva.
The second figure shows &. cimgu/ata, an eastern species infesting cherries. It has been reported so far only from New Jersey and New York, and doubtfully from the vicinity of Boston. I am indebted to Professor Mark V. Slingerland for specimens enabling me to figure this wing.
The third figure shows our new species, 2. intrudens, and the fourth is the apple maggot, XR. pomonella, Walsh. The last is now pretty well distributed in the eastern United States and Canada, but has not yet appeared west of the Rocky Mountains, as far as I know, although I have a specimen from Colorado. Walsh, in his original article, states that the larve are found in fruits of Crateegus, the thorn-apple, as well as in apple. As it is a native species, we may suppose that the wild crabs and the thorn-apples were its original food-plants.
It remains only to notice Rhagoletis cerasi, Linn., which is a Euro- pean species affecting cherries ; it may be introduced into the United States or Canada at any time, in fact, there are one or two unconfirmed refer- ences to it in our literature already. It strongly resembles in wing- pattern the first of our figures, that of #. rzbicola, but the clear transverse band in the middle of the wing is widened in front and contains a triangu- lar brown spot, the base resting on the costa and the apex extending to the third vein.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4. Fig. 1.—Rhagoletis ribicola, Doane. “« 2.— cy cingulata, Loew. Se eS intrudens, n. sp. 4 a pomonella, Walsh,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73
With regard to the new species, Rhagoletis intrudens, described above by Professor Aldrich, this is the one referred to by the late Dr. Fletcher in his annual report for 1906, page 228, under the title, “A Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cingulata, Loew.” This insect caused noticeable damage to cherries, in 1906, in British Columbia.
Mr. W. R. Palmer, of Victoria, B. C., in whose orchard the insect was injurious, was asked to send to the Division some living puparia, but in 1907 he wrote that he was unable to find any during the winter. Writing under date of July 20th, 1907, he says: ‘We had a harder winter than usual, and they do not seem to be as prominent. ‘They still ‘stick to the same trees as last season.” ;
No reports of injury by the larve of this fly have been received during 1908.—ARTHUR GIBSON, Division of Entomology, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
PE ERVORLEROUS. GALLS _COLLECTED:-*IN» THE} VICINEDY OE TORONTO.—No. 2.
BY DR. WM. BRODIE, TORONTO.
Eucosma Scudderiana, Clemens ; Pedisca saligneana, Clemens. (The. High Solidago Gall.)
The galls were collected usually in the spring, February and March, occasionally late in the fall, and kept in a suitable jar, until all occupants were out ; always two seasons,
Annual collections were made during r2 seasons, from 1883 to 1895, each collection averaging over 45 specimens. Most of the collections were from the vicinity of Toronto, a few from distant localities.
From 1854 to 1864 these galls were very common throughout North York, and are so still. I have found these galls at Owen Sound, North Bruce, Temagami, Algonquin Park, Tobermory, Manitoulin, North Bay, Essex, St. Mary’s, St. Catharines, Whitechurch, Scugog and other localities, and no doubt they are common in Ontario wherever the host-plant, 5S. Canadensis, is found.
The galls are at the top of the main stems of the plants, usually within the flowering panicle, rarely on the branches of the panicle; usually but one gall on a plant, occasionally two, rarely three.
The galls are spindle-form, varying in size from 10x16 mm. to 12x28
mm.; diameter of stem below gall from 4 mm. to 5 mm.; the average of February, 1909 i
74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
ten galls collected in ten seasons, roo specimens, was 9%x21% mm., diameter of stem below gall 5 mm.
The galls are unicellular, the larve for some time being closely con- fined in the cells. I do not think there is ever room for them to turn, and I am still in doubt as to their rather peculiar feeding habit.
The producers winter in the larva form, within the galls, pupate about May 1, and the imagoes emerge from June 1 to July 5 ; the average date of emergence is about the middle of June. From June 12 to July 1 I have taken specimens of the mature moth, while sweeping the hand net over Solidago blooms; it is a beautiful creature, strongly marked and readily recognized. The mature pupa pushes its way through the loosely- closed upper end of the gall, and the moth emerges into the environment of mature life.
The largest and most common parasite is Macrocentrus pedisca, Riley, easily recognized by its long ovipositor. This parasite emerges about the middle of July.
Perilampus platygaster, another parasite, emerges early in July ; Cryptus extrematis still another parasite, seldom more than one individual from a gall; Pimpla annu/ipes also not rare. I bred Copidosoma gelechia from this gall, and once the secondary Dibrachys boucheanus.
From a lot of galls collected near Lake Simcoe, April, 1904, as well as producers and parasites, there emerged from May 2 to May 12, 1904, 18 specimens of a Diplosis, very much like gall producers ; but, unfor- tunately, from the want of material I failed to determine whether these were gall producers or inquilines in Eucosma galls. The galls were all similar in size, shape and structure ; normal Eucosma galls. In my notes I have entered as a provisional name for this species, J). eucosma.
I have found this gall restricted to the one host-plant, S, Canadensis, and there seems to be a fairly uniform relation between the producers and parasites in the vicinity of Toronto ; so that year after year the galls are about equally numerous.
In Vol. 10, p. 202, CANADIAN EntTomo.ocist, Kellicott describes this gall, the habits and life-history of the larva and pupa of the producers.
Gnorimoschema asterella, Kell. ( Gelechia astere/la ). (The Solidago latifolia Gall.)
In Vol. 10, pages 203-4, of the CANADIAN ENTomo.oaist, D. S. Kellicott describes this gall and its producer.
~l on
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
He also gives a good engraving of the gall, but it is not that of a gall on Aster corymbosum, but on §. latifolia. The leaves at the top of the gall are evidently leaves of S. latifolia, and the angular form of the stem of the plant, which is always continued up the gall, is clearly shown by the engraving.
S. latifolia is one of our most common and beautiful forest flowers, having a wide geographical range over Ontario; and I have found the gall more or less common wherever the plant is found.
My first record of the gall is Aug., 1886, when I found it very common in a grand, primal, hardwood forest, in the Township of Whitchurch. My attention was directed to the galls from the fact that an ignorant old quack was using them asa cure for “fits,” under the name of “ Fitt Apples.”
In a collection of 30 galls made May 29, 1890, a few miles north of Toronto, most of them were at the top of the stem, surmounted by a few leaves, occasionally but one, usually two. ‘The galls at this date seemed to be mature, subtriangular, corresponding to stem of plant; from 20 mm. to 32 mm. long, and from 1o mm. to 15 mm. dia. In size, form and structure the galls closely resemble galls of S. ga//esolidaginis. Rarely they occur on the middle and lower third of the stem of the plant.
From June 29, 1891, to June 25, 1896, annual collections of galls were made. Galls collected before the middle of June were immature, and seldom gave either producers or parasites. The *producers had emerged from all the galls collected after the middle of August, but often contained larve and pupz of parasites, Cryptus, Pimpla, Copidosoma, Ephialtes. The emergence of the producers was from July 28 to Aug. 20 in each season.
The following is an entry from my notebook, dated July 11, 1893: “Collected from wooded hillside, in St. James’s cemetery, 35 galls, all terminal on stems of S. latifolia, all overtopped by a tuft of leaves, usually but two ; plants not much dwarfed, but no flowers. July 13, 1893, from a wooded hill on the Don, collected 40 galls, all but one terminal, two galls on one plant.”
From Aug. 7 to Aug. 20, 1893, producers emerged, and from July 17 to Aug. 17, 1893, four species of parasites: two Pimplas, one Cryptus, one Ephialtes emerged ; Copidosoma occasionally the following spring, June, 1, 1894. The galls on growing plants appear to be full size, but still
76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
solid, no open cavity, larva strictly confined in centre of gall, 3 mm. long. The parasites which I have bred from: this.gall are P. congutsitor, P. inguisitor, C. extrematis, Ephialtes sp., C. gelechia.
The structure of the galls, the habits of the larve, and. the mode of exit from the gall, are very similar to those of G. solidaginis, and are all very fully described by Kellicott, in the article above referred to.
I have found what seems to be a lepidopterous gall, very rare about Toronto, on stems of Aster corymbosum, a spindle-form gall immediately under the flowering panicle, not at all like the gall figured by Kellicott but J failed to rear anything from them.
I found A. corymbosum very common all through the Temagami district, and the gall not especially rare, but as the galls I collected were immature, neither the producers nor parasites emerged from them.
THe Orrawa Naturatist for January consists of a series of tributes of respect and affection in memory of our deeply-lamented friend, Dr. James Fletcher. A meeting of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club was held on the first of December, and appreciative addresses were given by many colleagues and friends, all expressive of the ,highest admiration for his varied scientific attainments and the warmest affection for him whose kindness, geniality and unselfishness won the hearts of all who knew him.
Mr. W. H. Harrington, an almost life-long companion, gives a most interesting account of their early days together, when they explored forest and field and stream collecting insects and plants, and how the intimate knowledge of nature thus obtained caused him to become such a recognized authority in both botany and entomology. All these addresses will be read with the deepest interest by the many friends of him whom they commemorate.
HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
About the middle of May the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry hope to be ina position to engage an assistant entomologist. . They want an economic entomologist inclined to take up Coleoptera or Parasitic Hymenoptera as a specialty, and one who is good at laboratory and field work. Their equipment and library are good. Salary $1,500 to $1,800 per annum, depending upon the man. The climate of Hawaii is unexcelled and opportunities good. Correspondence might be opened now. State age, schools, experience; also give references. Address : Jacos Korinsky, Superintendent of Entomology, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Mailed February 6th, 1909.
CAN. ENT., VOL. XLI PLATE 5
BASILARCHIA ARCHIPPUS, VAR. LANTHANIS. (COOK AND WATSON.)
The G anadliay entomologist
Vou. XLL GUELPH, MARCH, 1909. No. 3.
A VARIETY OF BASILARCHIA ARCHIPPUS. BY JOHN H. COOK AND FRANK E. WATSON, ALBANY, N. Y.
Basilarchia archippus, new variety, /anthanis.*— Differs trom archip- pus proper in that the extramesial black stripe crossing the secondaries is, on the upper surface, subobsolete.
The type specimen (PI. 5, fig. 2) was taken at Albany, N. Y., in June, 1902. The paratype, illustrated (fig. 1), came from Hudson, N. Y. These butterflies are representative of a series of twelve, eleven of which are still in the possession of the authors. More than a score of others have been seen within the last ten years, and intergrade forms are common.
While in general opposed to the practice of designating a form as a variety merely because it differs more or less strikingly from an arbitrarily assumed norm, we have considered that in the present instance an excep- tion should be made. The value of a name is measured by its usefulness, and should Zanthanzs prove to merit the attention of no one but the catalogue-maker, it will be justly ignored. If, however, the loss of the black stripe is a logical step in the evolution of the wing design of archip- pus, whereby its mimicry of Anosia plexippus becomes more complete, the existence of this variety may be a fact of more than ordinary biological interest.
The problem which the species presents will be discussed in a paper soon to appear in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, and as a distinctive name for the stripeless variety will facilitate that dis- cussion, it was thought advisable to publish this brief description in advance.
SOME NEW NORTH AMERICAN JASSID/. BY. E. D. BALL, LOGAN, UTAH. ~
Phlepsius attractus, n. sp.—Resembling foridanus, but with an evenly rounding vertex and a smaller number of spots on the costa. Length, ¢ 4.25 mm.
Vertex twice wider than long, scarcely half the length of the pro- notum, margins parallel, the anterior one rounding evenly to the front
*\av@avm .—I escape notice.
78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
through its entire length. Front regularly tapering to the wedge-shaped clypeus. Pronotum set into the head as in floridanus.
Colour: Vertex pale creamy, an oval brown spot on either side the disc connected to the posterior margin by a line. Pronotum and scutellum milky, sparsely mottled with brown. Elytra milky, sparsely reticulated with brown, a few darker spots along the margin, and number of milky spots on the disc. Face finely irrorate with pale tawny.
Genitalia: Male valve broad and short, bluntly rounding ; plates small, margins slightly concave, their rounding apices upturned, about three times the length of the valve. Disc of the plates ivory-white, polished.
Described from two males from Florida, from Mrs. Slosson. This specics approaches costomacu/atus in the shape of vertex and the lack of dark ornamentation, but is quite distinct in other characters.
Philepsius floridanus, n. sp.—Resembling rroratus, but smaller, form of pulchripennis, but with a longer vertex and about seven spots on costa. Length, 2 5 mm.
Vertex twice wider than long, half the length of the pronotum, a trifle longer on middle than against the eye, disc almost flat, margin rounding to front except for the slightly conically-produced apex, front broad above, almost regularly narrowing to the clypeus. | Pronotum long, more than half its length within the curve of the head. Elytra long, appressed, venation as in ¢rroratus.
Colour: Vertex coarsely irregularly inscribed with tawny brown, a circle around each ocellus, a spot on the apex of vertex, a dash on either side, a crescent on the disc connected with the apex by a line and four points on the posterior margin ivory-white. Pronotum obscurely mottled with brown and white. Scutellum soiled yellow, with three ivory points. Elytra milky, sparsely but rather evenly reticulate with tawny, about seven dark spots along costa. Face finely irrorate with tawny, a few spots above and short arcs below ivory-white.
Genitalia: Female segment rather long, rounding posteriorly, with a pair of small rounding lobes on the median fourth.
Described from asingle female from Biscayan Bay, Florida, from Mrs. Aanie Trumbull Slosson. This species is intermediate in character between the costomaculatus group and the regular Phlepsids, but probably belongs with the former.
Phiepsius tubus, 0. sp.—Resembling fuscipennis, Van Duzee, but smalier and stouter, with a narrower vertex and more of a tawny fulvous shade. Length, 5.25 mm. :
a .
a
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79
Vertex rather narrow, slightly longer than in fuscipennis, parailel- margined and slightly depressed. Anterior margin merged with front, except for a slight production at apex. Front broad and short as in fuscipennis. Pronotum slightly wrinkled in the female, distinctly so in the male. Elytra broad and slightly flaring.
Colour: Vertex, pronotum and scutellum fulvous, irrorate with tawny, the posterior disc of pronotum and a cloud on scutellum darker. Scutellum with the tip and a pair of lateral spots ivory-white, the lateral spots pointed behind and exceeding the line of the margin. Elytra finely reticulate and slightly irrorate with tawny. A few irregular darker spots on the margin and paler ones on disc. Face finely irrorate with pale tawny, without markings.
Genitalia : Female segment broad and rather short, posterior margin divided into four evenly rounding lobes equal in length, the median pair slightly broader than the lateral ones, and black margined, median cleft slightly deeper than the lateral ones. Male: valve long, triangular, plates strongly gibbous at base, margins slightly narrowing to the broad, round- ingly truncate tips ; together forming a broad blunt-tipped spoon, scarcely as long as its basal width, and only equalling the tubularly inflated pygofers.
Described from a single pair taken at Washington, D. C. This species, usid/us, and the following one connect the U#derz group with the more typical Phlepsids.
Philepsius utahnus, n. sp.—Resembling pulchripennis, but smaller, lighter coloured, and witha longer, narrower vertex. Length, 9 5 mm.; 36 4.5 mm.
Vertex obtusely triangular, as long as the basal width, and almost as long as pronotum, one-third longer on middle than against eye, disc flat, margin bluntly rounding tothe front. Front long, narrow and parallel-mar- gined above, narrowing below to the slender parallel-margined clypeus. Elytra long and narrow, venation obscure and somewhat irregular.
Colour: Vertex yellow, ocelli and four points on anterior margin tawny or brown ; disc with a large black spot, concave in front except for a triangular incision on the median suture, pointed behind where it. teaches the base, the surface finely irrorate with yeliow. Pronotum irregularly irrorate with brownish fuscous. Scutellum yellow, a pair of quadrate reticular areas inside the basal angles and a pair of round dots against apex, black. Elytra milky, the nervures pale tawny, surface
80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
irregularly irrorate and sparsely reticulate with brownish-fuscous. The reticulations are gathered into several more or less definite spots along posterior half of costa and one in the inner anteapical cell. The clavus
and adjacent parts of corium with a number of irregular translucent ivory- white areas. Face finely irrorate in the male, sparsely so in the female.
Genitalia: Female segment short and truncate, slightly medianly carinate, pygofers short and stout ; male: valve long, roundingly pointed, the lateral margins concave at base, plates together equilaterally triangular, twice the length of the valve.
Described from three specimens from “ Chads,” Utah. A male from Arizona and a female from California probably belong here, but are not in shape to definitely determine.
Phiepsius tigrinus, n. sp.—Resembling tubus and Uhieri, but larger and darker. Tawny brown, with sparse reticulations on elytra. Length, 2 6mm.
Vertex three times wider than long, slightly sloping, the posterior margin elevated, anterior margin rounding in front, almost parallel with posterior one; apex scarcely produced. Front broad, the margins almost straight. Pronotum smooth, Elytra moderately long, distinctly flaring.
Colour: Vertex tawny fulvous, pronotum tawny brown, with the anterior margin shading to the colour of the vertex, and the disc irrorate with milky white. Scutellum pale yellow, the basal angles irrorate with tawny, and the apical third shading to ivory-white. Elytra very sparsely reticulate and closely, finely irrorate with tawny. The irrorations omitting a few irregular areas.
Genitalia : Female segment broad and short, about twice the length of the preceding, the posterior margin slightly emarginate, with the median third weakly produced and dark margined.
Described from a single female from Washington, D. C. This species shows traces of the banding of UA/eri, but is easily separated by the larger size and distinct genitalia.
Eutettix (Mesamia) illumina, n. sp.—Short, stout, black, with a hyaline band before apex of elytra. Length: g 4 mm.
Vertex hardly twice wider than long, anterior margin slightly more rounding than posterior, disc slightly sloping to the definite anterior margin. Front convex, broad above, margins straight, narrowing to
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 81
clypeus. Pronotum finely wrinkled, elytra moderately long, widely flaring at the apices, venation obscure at the base, central anteapical cell irregularly reticulate. Male: valve small, triangular; plates triangular, twice the length of the valve.
Colour: Deep shining black ; a narrow line on the vertex margin ivory-white, a band across the elytra before the apices, including the apex of clavus and bases of the four apical cells, milky hyaline, this band broken into irregular, more or less oval spots by the black nervures, the largest spot being in the fourth apical cell. Below black, the legs creamy yellow, dorsal surface of posterior pair lined with black.
Described from a single male from Arizona. In structure this species seems to be intermediate between the zzgrodorsum and vite/lina groups, so Coes not fit well in either. In colour it is far removed from anything in the genus.
LEutettix (Mesamia) animana, n. sp.—Form of Johnsoni nearly, smaller and darker, with the nervures distinct. Length, ¢ 5 mm.
Vertex with the disc flat, anterior margin a trifle more curved than the posterior, passage to front more rounding than in Jofnmsoni, front as in that species. Elytra long, slender, appressed, venation distinct, the second cross nervure often rudimentary or wanting, central anteapical cell long, constricted in the middle.
Colour: Vertex creamy yellow, six black dashes in pairs on the anterior margin, pronotum mottled with milky and brown, yellowish in front. Scutellum creamy yellow, transverse impressed line black. Elytra subhyaline, faintly washed with tawny brown, nervures brown, becoming darker on the costa; a pair of oval, milky-white spots beyond the middle of the clavus. Face dirty yellow, a spot above the antennal ledge and a broken line in front, just beneath the vertex margin, black.
Genitalia: Male, valve large, triangular, with apex blunt, plates rapidly roundingly narrowing for half their length, then gradually tapering to the rounding points, apical portion convex in both diameters.
Described from a single male taken at Animas, near Durango, Colorado, by the writer. It is intermediate in appearance between Senestrata and Johnsoni, but quite distinct in structure from either.
Eutettix (Mesamia) aurata, n. sp.—Form of /ohusoni nearly, smaller and paler. Golden yellow, without definite markings. Length, ? 4.5 mm.
Vertex slightly sloping, almost parallel-margined, passage to front slightly rounding. Front broader at base than in /ohmsont. Elytra
82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
moderately long and slender, venation indistinct. Female segment short, the posterior margin in the form of an obtusely angled triangle, with the apex slightly produced, the pygofers short and stout.
Colour: Pale golden-yellow, the elytra coriaceous and uniform in shade with the rest of the body. The anterior margin of vertex with an ivory line, behind which there are faintly indicated in brown the six points usual in this group. Face and below yellow, traces of alternate light and brown arcs on disc of front.
Described from a single female from Washington, D. C. This is by far the smallest member of this subgenus, and will be readily recognized by its uniform golden colour and distinct genitalia.
Eutettix amanda, n. sp.—Form of Mildrede nearly, smaller, paler, with oblique brown markings on elytra. Length, 9 5 mm.
Vertex convex, margin rounding to front except at the apex, which is bluntly conically pointed. Front narrower than in J/i/dred@, margins sloping directly into clypeus. Female segment moderately long, posterior margin rounding, median fifth slightly excavated, with a broad blunt tooth exceeding the margin by half its width.
Colour: Vertex creamy, with two irregular oval spots on the disc pale tawny. Pronotum milky, clouded with pale greenish fuscous, except for a broad median stripe, which becomes ivory-white on the scutellum, where it includes all but the brown basal angles. A transverse brown dash inside and behind either eye, with a line extending in towards the centre of the pronotum. Elytra pale, with a faint brown wash, and heavy brown or fuscous markings, as follows: the scutellar and sutural margins of clavus before the middle, the apex of clavus, a spot near base of corium, an oblique dash before the middle in line with the apex of clavus, a transverse band on second costal nervure, and a cloud on the apex. All of the brown markings, except at base and apex, are irregularly margined with ivory-white. Face dirty yellow, pygofers castaneous.
Described from a single female from Arizona. This is a new and quite distinct addition to the handsome species of this group. ;
Scaphoideus Catalinus, n. sp.—Form of b/andus nearly, smaller, and with a shorter vertex. Tawny yellow, with two white bands on elytra. Length, 2 4 mm.
Vertex roundingly rectangular, as long as its basal width, and almost equalling the pronotum, disc flat or slightly depressed. Elytra short, stout, Platymetopius-like in form and venation, second cross nervure
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. © 83
present, and a number of reflexed veinlets to the costa. Female segment short, lateral angles rounding, posterior margin rounding, with a deep, narrow, median slit extending almost to the base.
Colour: Vertex and pronotum lemon-yellow, a pair of faint stripes adjoining the median line on disc of vertex, and a few milky irrorations on disc of pronotum. Scutellum orange, with three ivory points on apical portion. Elytra milky, washed with pale brown, omitting a definite band across the second cross nervure, and an irregular broader one before apex. Nervures brown, shading to black on the white bands, and reflexed veinlets. .
Described from a single female from near the Catalina mountains, in Arizona. In venationand general appearance this species approaches the genus Platymetopius, but it lacks the structure of vertex and front found in that genus, and seems more closely related to 4/andus and its allies.
Scaphoideus pellucidus, n. sp.—Size and form of d/andus nearly, darker, and with a much longer vertex. Length, 9 5.75 mm.; J 5 mm.
Vertex strongly, acutely angular, the margins straight, and the disc flat or slightly depressed, distinctly longer than the pronotum. Head, as seen from the side, with the vertex margin produced and foliaceous. Front concave above, convex below, broad above, margins angularly narrowing to. the antenne, then gradually sloping to the constricted clypeus. Elytra long and slender, venation obscure, spaces between the nervures and along the margins irregularly divided by cross nervures and pigment lines.
Colour: Vertex lemon-yellow, the margins before the eyes and the median line narrowly white and closely lined with black, usually a pair of broad sanguineous stripes outside the median black ones, and often extending across the pronotum in highly-coloured specimens. Pronotum olive-brown on disc, mottled with milky, anterior margin shading to yellow. Elytra washed with iridescent olive brown, becoming fuscous toward the apex and costa. Whole surface interspersed with numerous irregularly oval pellucid spots in sharp contrast.
Genitalia: Female segment moderately long, posterior margin rounding, with the median fourth roundingly produced and semicircularly notched; male: valve obtusely triangular, plates gibbous at base, then triangularly produced, with the apices acute.
Described from eight examples from Stanford and Colfax, California. The foliaceous vertex renders this a strikingly distinct species in the genus.
84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,
Scaphoideus scrupulosus, var. reductus, n. var.—Form of scrupulosus, but smaller, and entirely lacking the brown banding of that species. Length, 2? 4.5 mm.
Vertex pale creamy, with a pair of large quadrate spots on the disc, separated by their width and connected by a line along the margins to a pair of round spots against the eyes, black. Pronotum milky, mottled with fuscous. Elytra milky, finely and uniformly reticulate with fuscous, apical cells black, with ivory spots at base. Female segment more rounding than in scrupudosus, with a shallower notch and a long strap- shaped tongue extending two-thirds its length beyond the segment.
Described from three females from Colfax, California. The specific limitations in this genus are very difficult to determine. A study of a larger series may prove this to be a distinct species, but the present material will hardly warrant its recognition.
DISSECTING SMALL BEETLES.
Prof. Wickham’s article in the January issue of this magazine on “The Preparation of Beetles for the Microscope,” is an excellent one, which, had it appeared ten years ago, would have saved to many of us a great deal of trouble and spoiled specimens.
In connection with this subject I should like to say a few words about my method of dissecting very small beetles of the Staphylinid subfamily Aleocharine.
I do not dissect the specimens first, and do not subject them in parts to the effects of the different fluids, but put the whole specimens in alcohol, then in concentrated carbolic acid solution, then in oil of cloves. The specimens go from the last named medium on a cover-glass ; there 1 first cut the head off and transfer it to the cover-glass of the permanent mount, where, with very fine needles, the parts of the head are dissected and placed in proper position.
The prothorax and front legs are then transferred similarly to another cover-glass, and finally the meso- and metasternum (minus wing-covers and wings) to a third cover-glass, sometimes the abdomen to a fourth glass.
As dissecting instruments I use two steel needles, which are fastened in handles and then sharpened under the hand-lens. They are sharpened so that they represent a miniature double-edged flat scalpel with very sharp point.—A. Frenyes, Pasadena, Cal.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. $5
NEW SPECIES OF EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. BY GEORGE A. EHRMANN, PITTSBURG, PA.
Papilio echo, n. sp.—Male. Closely allied to P. bootes, Westw. The outlines of all the wings are the same as in P. dootes, but the whitish- crimson spots in the tails are absent ; the crimson lunated spots on the upper side of the hind wings that are so prominent in the latter are very small, almost wanting. On the under side of the secondaries the lunated spots at the anal angle are smaller and more separated than in P. dootes ; in the upper median cell there is a faint reddish streak, whilst in P. dootes there is a large, well-developed semi-lunated white spot; the two white discal spots on the secondaries are smaller ; the red or crimson area at the base of both pairs of wings on the under side is also smaller ; the tails are a little longer, but not as long as they are in P. Zama, Oberth, or P. janaka, Moore.
Exp. 5 inch. Hab.: Khasia Hills, British Burmah. Type in my collection.
This species is very interesting, as belonging to the doofes group. It lacks that important character of having the spots in the tails. The type of this species came into my possession through the late Bernhard Gerhard.
Papilio ikusa, n. sp.—Male allied to P. mencius, Feld., but not so large ; the scaling is less dense on all the wings, which gives it a semi- transparent appearance ; the red collar at the back of the head is wanting; the red between the eyes is replaced by black ; the dentations of the hind wings are more sharply defined ; the tails are not so long and less spatulated, and on the upper side of the hind wings, in the upper, median and lower cells, there is an ill-defined orange spot on each near the outer margin.
The ground colour on the under side is much lighter than above, and the crimson lunated spots that are so prominent in P. mencius are here replaced on the submarginal space by seven round orange-coloured spots anal valves are also orange.
Type in my collection.
Exp. 3 in. Hab.: Simoda, Japan.
I received this species from the Rev. Mr. Loomis, of Yokohama, Japan, with the above locality attached to it. In studying this singular
form, the only conclusion that I can arrive at is that we have another race March, 1909
86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
to contend with in the mountains of Central Japan that bears a similar relation to P. a/cinous, Klug., and P. mencius, Feld., as we find in P. Zama, Ober.; P. plutonius, Ober., and P. janak, Moore.
Papilio potamonianus, n. sp.—Male allied to P. dateriliianus, Godt., and P. cyrnus, Boisd., but smaller. On the upper side of the fore wings there is a series on the submarginal space of fourteen small canary-green (or yellow) elongated spots ; in P. cyrus there are only seven, but they are larger ; the outer spots in the discoidal cell are differently shaped, especially the larger spot, which is shorter and broader ; there are also two additional small, roundish spots at the inner end of the large spot (sometimes one of these spots is present in the same position in the female of P. dateri/lianus). The hind wings have the outer margin more pointed in the middle than either of the above species, and on the under side the . most notable features are the heavy cast of crimson at the base of both pairs of wings, and the very light brown shading on the outer margin of the hind wings.
Exp. 3% in. Hab.: Upper Congo, W. Africa.
Type in my collection.
I dedicate this handsome specimen to Potamon, the founder of the great schools at Alexandria, in ancient Egypt.
Ludamus Botsduva/it, n. sp.—Male allied to £. anteus, Hew. The ground colour on the upper side of all the wings is a uniform brown ; in the middle of the costa there is a small orange spot, below this there is a truncate yellowish semitransparent spot; in the limbal area there are three small round spots of the same colour; on the lower submarginal vein just below the limbal area there is a well-defined orange spot.
Hind wings: In the median cell of the outer submarginal space there are two small elongated orange spots; all fringes light buff; the under side of palpi is light brown ; thorax and legs reddish-brown ; abdomen buff, with a faint brown lateral band. Under side of fore wings the same as above, but much lighter; on the under side of hind wings the ground colour is a rich chocolate-brown, and across the disc there are two silvery- white bars, in the outer bar the two orange spots so conspicuous above are here repeated.
Exp. 2% in. WHab.: Suapure, Venezuela, S. America.
Type in my collection.
Captured on Noy. 4th, 1899, by Mr. Edw. A. Klages. All the species of Lepidoptera so far described from Suapure, Venezuela, S. A.,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87
by the writer, were collected by Mr. Klages, who endured much privation and suffering during his expedition along the Orinoco river, which hindered him greatly in procuring a large number of specimens ; never- theless, he can rest with the satisfaction that the number of species collected by him more than repay the difficulties encountered.
Aciylodes heros, n. sp.—Male. This species is intermediate between A. sebaldus, Fahr., and A. melander, Cram.; the ground colour is much lighter brown than either of the above-mentioned species on the upper side ; also the discal black bands are more widely separated ; the outer marginal band is very narrow.
On the upper side of the hind wings the most conspicuous character 1s the large bright buff lunated spots in the anal angle. On the under side of the fore wings the ground colour is much paler than above ; the markings are very close to those of A. melander. Under side of the hind wings much the same as in 4. melander, except that the anal angle is buff instead of orange, and the abdominal margin is also orange in colour, which extends to the base of the wing.
Exp. one inch and seven-eighths. Hab.: Suapure, Venezuela. Type in my collection.
Sphingicampa Smithii, n. sp.—Male. Head pale buff; antenne brown ; upper side of the thorax pale brown, which colour grows lighter as it extends towards the tip of the abdomen, where it is a pale buff on the last three joints.
Fore wings of a uniform chestnut brown along the costal area ; the outer margin and inner space to the base of the wing have a purplish cast, and through this space there are three pale brown bars, beginning at the lower side of the discal cell, and extending to the inner margin. The hind wings are pale brown, the basal area is much lighter. Under side of the fore wings is yellowish, with a suffusion of brown ; the costal and outer margins are tinted with purple; under side of the hind wings is uniform pale buff; the thorax, abdomen and legs are also buff.
Exp. two and one-eighth inches. Hab.: Rio Janeiro, Brazil, S. America.
Type in my collection,
This fine moth was captured by Herbert T. Smith in the latter part of November, 1888, and Mr. Smith has informed me that this specimen was the only example seen during all his rambles in South America.
88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIAT.
NOTES ON TENTHREDINOIDEA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
BY S. A. ROHWER, BOULDER, COLO. (Paper III.)
Pteronus Cockerelli, n. sp.— 2. Length, 6 mm.; length of anterior wing, 6 mm.; length of antenne, 5 mm. Head and antenne shining ; sparsely, finely punctured. Clypeus distinctly circularly emarginate ; lobes rather broad triangular, obtuse at apex. Antennal fovez small, not very distinct. Middle fovea deep, oval, wall rather pointed toward the clypeus. Side walls of the ocellar basin sharp, strong. Frontal crest strong, slightly broken in the middle. Lateral ocellar furrows broad, shallow. Antenne long, third and fourth joints equal ; apical joint slightly longer than the preceding one. Maxillary palpi long; last two joints equal, the third from apex the shortest ; third joint subclavate toward apex. Claws deeply cleft, teeth equal; the inner tooth is perhaps a little the stouter. Basal joint of hind tarsi a little longer than 2+ 3. Venation normal ; the first transverse cubitus faint ; third cubital cell not unusually broader at apex than at base ; upper discal cell of hind wing exceeding the lower on the outer margin. Stigma short, very broad, ovate, rounded at apex ; not quite twice as long as broad in the widest part. Sheath broad, short, obliquely truncate at the apex; marginal hairs very minute. Cerci short, stout. Head reddish-brown, with a black spot around the ocelli. Thorax, except the angles of pronotum and tegule which are pallid, and the lateral lobes of mesonotum posteriorly and scutellum which are brownish, black. Abdomen, except basal plates and basal part of first segment and apex of sheath which are black, reddish-brown. Four anterior legs, coxe, trochanters and basal half of posterior femora fa//id (the anterior femora are slightly reddish). Apical half of posterior femora, apex of posterior tibiz and their tarsi d/ack; basal two-thirds of posterior tibie reddish- brown. Antenne, except two basal joints, bright rufoSerruginous. Wings yellowish-hyaline, iridescent ; venation dark brown, costa somewhat and extreme basal part of stigma pallid.
Habitat.—Campus of University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo., August, 1908. Collected by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, to whom I take great pleasure in dedicating this pretty species.
In Marlatt’s Revision of the Nematine of N. America, this species
runs to ¢ricolor, Marl. (New Hampshire), but it differs as follows from his March, 1909
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89
description of that species: Length, 6 mm.; frontal crest slightly broken ; middle fovea ovate ; third cubital cell not twice as wide at the apex as at the base, and the head is much paler. Marlatt does not say anything about the
colour of the antennz in ¢rzco/or, but they are probably black, as he would have undoubtedly have mentioned such bright red ones as Cockered/i has.
Blennocampa Gilletterz, Weldon (CAN. ENT., Sept., 1907, p. 304).— @. Length,6 mm. Clypeus hardly emarginate, rather rounded at apex. Ocellar basin well defined, the upper wall more prominent ; middle fovea large, deep, well defined. First antennal joint longer than second ; third nearly as long as 4+5. Hind basitarsus as long as 2+3+4. ‘Tarsal claws short, with a large tooth and a smaller posterior one ; pulvilli large. Scutellum shining, with a few large punctures posteriorly. ‘Transverse radial in the apical fourth of cell; at a different angle from the third transverse cubitus ; third cubital cell almost twice as broad on apical margin as at base; posterior wings with one discal cell. Sheath stout, broad, sharp on upper apical margin, rounded on lower. Colour shining black ; edge of pronotum, tegul, legs below knees, pallid; middle tarsi slightly infuscate, the posterior ones more strongly so. Wings dusky- hyaline ; nervures black, lower half of stigma paler.
Habitat.—Ft. Collins, Colo., May 15, 1892 (C. P. Gillette). On raspberry.
Notes from the type. Probably belongs to Weocharactus, MacG.
Neocharactus Caltfornicus, n. sp.—¥. Length, 7 mm. Clypeus truncate, roughened like the rest of the head. Head with large confluent punctures ; cheeks shining, with sinall, sparse punctures. Pentagonal area wanting ; a slight depression around anterior ocellus. Lateral ccellar furrows rather broad and shallow to level of ocelli ; wanting below ocelli. Middle fovea large, basin-like, U-shaped, open at the bottom. Thorax above rugose ; scutellum with large punctures and small ruge. Pleura shining, almost impunctate. Stigma broad, rounded on the lower margin, slightly broader at the base. ‘Transverse radial curved, joining the radius at about the apical fourth of the third cubital cell. Inner claw-tooth rather large, nearer the base of the claw is another small tooth. Abdomen shining. Sheath parallel sided until near the apex, where both sides taper to an obtuse apex ; black, with a more or less dark blue-metallic tint. Apical and lower margins of the sheath testaceous. Legs below the knees creamy-white ; apices of tarsi and tibiae somewhat dusky ; claws piceous.
90 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Wings yellowish-hyaline ; nervures and stigma dark brown; rather densely covered with short gray hair.
Habitat.—Palo Alto, California, Feb, 29, 1892. Received from R. W. Doane.
The innermost tooth of the claw is rather small, and there is a little doubt in my mind whether this species should be placed in the genus Neocharactus, MacG. However, it seems to be related to WV. Bakeri, - and may well be placed with it. Dr. MacGillivray does not give the sex of his specimens. I judge they are males. If this is the case, Cadifornicus may be the 2 of Baker?, but it differs as follows from Dr. MacGillivray’s description: Head, thorax and abdomen without white markings; head coarsely punctured ; the middle fovea not “twice as long as broad,” and the wings yellowish.
The third antennal joint is about as long as 4+5.
Monophadnus multicinctus, n. sp.—d. Length, 8 mm. Clypeus truncate, in the middle very narrowly, slightly notched; rugose. Super- clypeal suture rather strong. Middle fovea elongate transversely, with a branch on each side, which extends to the lateral ocellar furrows, which are strong, and extend to the level of the antenne. Ocellar basin triangu- lar, along each upper side is a faintly-indicated furrow ; at the apex these furrows join and extend backward to the occiput. The transverse ocellar