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RECORDS

of the

INDIAN MUSEUM

(A JOURNAL OF INDIAN ZOOLOGY) Vol. XVI, 1919.

EDITED BY

THE DIRECTOR, | ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

eee eee

Calcutta:

PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR, ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, AND PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.

1919.

CONTENTS. a PART I. Published 22nd January, Igia.

Page I. A preliminary note on some new species of Copepoda I II. Notes on the Indian Glow-worm [Lamprophorus tene- brosus (W1k.)] .. Ae 4h er TG III. Indian Land Planarians Ke AP x 29 IV. Studies on Infusoria, IT cH f =o war 3 V. Contributions to a knowledge of the chlepode Geo- philimorpha of India hp 3 on 45 VI. The Fauna of certain small streams in the Bombay Presidency eG a ee Prieto 10)0) VII. On a new species of Discognathus from the Kangra Valley oe ae ste oes Miscellanea :— Two interesting Albinos. .. oe Bo aloy/ Part II. Published 25th February, 199. VIII. A list of the dragonflies recorded from the Indian Empire with special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Part II a .. 169 IX. The larva of Micromerus lineatus, Burm. od LOT,

X. On the generic position of Helix distincta, Pir., of Siam By) e ts a) LOG

XI. Description of a new species of Margaritanopsis (Unionidae) from the Southern Shan States, with notes on Solenata solentformis 7 ace 20S

XII. Descriptions of three new Batrachians from the Garo Halls; Assam. . ee sis ta 207,

Part III. Published 23rd April, 1919.

XIII. On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India .. ae 200

XIV. Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory, No. 6. —Embryological and Developmental Studies of Indian Fishes .. af ap mena Ts

XV. Some Gastropod Molluscs from the Gangetic Delta .. 241

Jb 1b d

XXII.

XO: XXIV. XXV.

XXVI.

XXVIII. XXVIII.

XXITX.

Contents.

Part IV. Published 6th June, 1919.

Descriptions of three male Mutillids from India No. III

Report on a small collection of Fish from Putao (Hkamti Long) on the Northern Frontier of Burma

Descriptions of Indian Beetle Larvae.

Studies on the Anatomy of Indian Mollusca. The soft parts of some Indian Unionidae

On the occurrence of a symmetrical species of Epts- phenus (Passalid Coleoptera) in Annam ee

Descriptions of two new species of Diptera from Seistan, Eastern Persia oe as

Miscellanea :— The tadpoles of Nyctibatrachus ee and Ixalus variabtlis : a correction ..

Part V. Published 25th July, 1919.

Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. XII. Scopimerinae :

Rhynchota from the Garo Hills, Assam .. Two new Scorpions from Southern India

Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. XIII. The Indian species of Macrophthalmus

Part VI. Published 18th October, 1g19.

A note on the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Chandi- pore, Orissa, with notes on Echiuroids

On the generic position of some Asiatic Unionidae

Contributions to the Fauna of Yunnan based on col- lections made by J. Coggin Brown, B.Sc., 1909-10. Part IX.—Two remarkable genera of freshwater Gastropod Molluscs from the Lake Erh-Hai

The possible occurrence of Schistosoma ep One Katsurada in India

Miscellanea :— On the genus Mysoria, Godwin-Austen

Part VII.

Notes on Indian Coccidae of the sub-family eee dinae, with descriptions of new species

Published 12th December, 1919.

Descriptions of four new Indian Odonata oe

Notes on Freshwater Sponges. No. XVII

No: 335

Page 259° 263 271 289

297

299

303

305 349 379

383

395 403

413 425

431

433 451 457

Contents. ili

Page XXXII. Descriptions of new Indian Odonate larvae and exuviae a ays Se - 459 XXXIV. On Aelurophryne mammata, Gthr., an addition to the Batrachian Fauna of Kashmir - 469

XXXV. Records of Trigonalidae from South India on 4g

LIST OF PLATES.

Follow page Plate I (Frog and Fish) ee a és Plate II (Fish) : | Plate III (Fish and Repacaae ae ave 162: Plates IV—V (Mollusca) | Plates VI—VII (Sponges) Plate VIII (Beetle larva) irs oie eee oe Plates IX—X (Copepoda) ae oe i Epa oo: Plate XI (Planarians) aie be ee 40 Plates XII—XIII (Crustacea Despods) sh ws 948 Plate XIV (Beetle larvae) .. 5 aie =< 270 Plate XV (Mollusca) -3 ee ee -. 206 Plates XVI—XIX (Fish) es hes are 2, 240 Plate XX (Mollusca) bss 5G ys ee 2 5G Plate X XI (Scorpions) oe sie ae te 362 Plate XXII (Fish) : see eis 5-2 280 Plate XXIII (Dragonfly eevee) oo 34 en LOS Plate XXIV (Crustacea Decapoda) a a a3 2 $04 Plate XXV (Cercaria) z3 “6 os 430 Plates XXVI—XXXI (cacidae) - oe vs. 5450

Plates XXXII—XXXVII (Dragonfly larvae) < 0) 408

LIST OF, AUTHORS:

ANNANDALE, N., D.Sc.

The Fauna of certain small Streams in the Bombay

_ Presidency . oe

Some Gastropod Molluscs from the Gangetic Delta. (In col- laboration with Baint Prashad)

The tadpoles of Nyctibatrachus pygmaeus and Ixalus vari- abilis : a correction

Contributions to the Fauna of Yunnan based c on n collections made by J. Coggin Brown, B.Sc., Igog-10o. Part IX.— Two remarkable genera of freshwater Gastropod Molluscs from the Lake Erh-Hai. (In collaboration with Baini Prashad) “8 ie ae

Notes ou Freshwater Sponges. No. XVII.—A new race of Trochospongilla latouchiana from China

BOULENGER, G. A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Descriptions of three new Batrachians from the Garo Hills, Assam : a ove On Aelurophryne mammata, Gthr., an addition to the Bat- rachian Fauna of Kashmir a a BRUNETTI, E. Descriptions of two new species of Diptera from Seistan, Eastern Persia : oe CHAUDHURE Ball. DSc. F ikS°E Report on a small collection of Fish from Putao (Hkamti- Long) on the Northern Frontier of Burma Durr Ge Re iA: Description of three male Mutillids from India ..

FRASER, Major F. C., 1.M.S.

The larvae of Micromerus lineatus, Burm. Descriptions of four new Indian Odonata ; Descriptions of new Indian Odonate larvae and exuviae

GHOSH, EKENDRANATH, M.Sc., M.D.

Studies on Infusoria. II.—On two new species of Holophrya,

Ehrbg.

GODWIN-AUSTEN, H. H., F.R.S.

On the generic position of Helix distincta, Pfr., of Siam

Description of a new species of Margaritanopsis (Unionidae) from the Southern Shan States, with notes on Solenaia soleniformis

On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India Ss

On the genus Mysoria, Godwin- Austen

ae3 457

207

469

299

27%

259

197 451 459

41

199

203

209 431

viii List of Authors.

Page CRAVERY, EH, DSc: Descriptions of Indian Beetle larvae. III 263 On the occurrence of a symmetrical species of. Episphenus (Passalid Coleoptera) in Annam .. 297 A Note on the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Chandipore, Orissa a0 a me a Je) 305

GREEN, E. E., F.Z.S. Notes on Indian Coccidae of the sub-family Diaspidinae, with descriptions of new species .. Es ST 1) HENDERSON, J. Ro BG. GE Two new Scorpions from Southern India si oh S70

Kemp, S., B.A.

Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum : XII.—Scopimerinae .. oat (305 XIII.—The Indian Species of Macrophthalmus egos

LAIDLAW, F. F. CAS WVERAGeS., ake Cee.

A List of te Drea Heche from the Indian Empire with special reference to the collection of the Indian

Museum. Part II Se ae at 28) SLO Paiva, C.A. Notes on the Indian Glow-worm [Lamprophorus tenebrosus (WI1k.)] be 23 lg Rhynchota from the Garo Hills, Assam ie «. . 349

PRASHAD, BAINI, D.Sc. On a new species of Discognathus from the Kangra Valley.. 163 Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory. No. 6.—Em- bryological and Developmental Studies of Indian Fishes.

(In collaboration with T. Southwell) -- 215 Some Gastropod Molluscs from the Gangetic ‘Delta. (In

collaboration with N. Annandale) .. ey eeam Studies on the Anatomy of Indian Mollusca. “No. 3.- The

soft parts of some Indian Unionidae ie <a 3286 Notes on Echiuroids from Chandipore, Orissa .. 2 309 On the generic position of some Asiatic Unionidae 403

Contributions to the Fauna of Yunnan based on collections made by J. Coggin Brown, B.Sc., 1909-10. Part IX.—Two remarkable genera of freshwater Gastropod Molluscs from the Lake Erh-Hai. (In collaboration with N. Annandale) 413

RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR, T. V. Records of Trigonalidae from South India =F Bree ye

SEYMOUR SEWELL, Captain R. B., 7.M.S. A preliminary note on some new species of Copepoda : I

The possible occurrence of Schistosoma japonicum, Katsurada Hab iGarereay, oy 4% of oie ¥ +> 425

List of Authors.

SILVESTRI, F.

Contributions to a knowledge of the gee ates limorpha of India

SOUTHWELL, T., A.R.C.Sc., F.Z.S. Notes from the Beneat Fisheries Laboratory. No. 6.—Em- bryological and Developmental Studies of Indian Fishes. (In collaboration with Baini Prashad) STUART BAKER, E. C., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Two Interesting Albinos ..

WHITEHOUSE, R. H., M.Sc. Indian Land Planarians ..

ix

Page

45

215

i

e

on Lis ae

ng a Drea) cs

ah Mi te eit

INDEX.

———< >

N.B.—An asterisk (*) preceding a line denotes a new variety or subspecies; a a double dagger ({) a new genus or sub- genus ; synonyms arte printed in italics.

dagger (+) indicates a new species;

A

Page

Aborichthys 114, 278 kempi ae yD. Oye Acanthaspis helluo .. Sos Aer Acanthopterygii : ; 272 Acanthus ilicifolius .. fr ees207, Acartia Toy Lbs U7; centrura I, IO tchilkaensis Ds 95, L7: southwelli Top los 07, spinicauda fe I tortaniformis NIRS TSA RG 07)

Acartiella. .

DIO) D7, plo

tgravelyi 2, 10, TARE CheTOs 7) sho

Page

yAgriocnemis splendidissima 171, 178, 180, 182, 455

Agrion.. oe L7O REL lee Agrionidae : 169, 171, 195 Agrioninae a 195, 451, 467 Agrionini . AST Alasimodonta crispata aos Alphaeus .. a Sof Mees Amblyceps aA 272, 273 caecutiens Ae 56 EGS mangois Ag De Pes Pris marginatus ae ZR eNOS y;murray stuarti.. Qi 272 tenuispinis dc sae 275 tenuispents ae ere 276 Amphicnemis ae bg a) Ans Ampullaria Ae 117, 149 WEBS hoc sa [t7, 139, 149 winkleyi Bc 150 Ampullaridae Se 149 Anculosa.. ne 4M, 415 dissimilis nic 415 Anisoplia.. Se Sa0 ASE austriaca ef 265, 266 deserticola ae 252.265 fruticola Sc Ln 265 segetum 4c so ASE villica ab 321 266 Anisoptera a a 459 Annulella SC on eT Anodoninoscularis ., NT A08 | Anodonta cumingt .. $2 AOS | solentformis Se ei) MAK | Anomala biharensis .. 241) ) 270 elata .. < aR 266 frischii 50 266, 267 varians-elata .. Benn 200 vitis .. 50 sey 1-200 Anoplognathus 3 aaa E207, analis. . Ete ae 207; porosus oe ae 267 Antestia pulchra 38 tae S52 Antocha .. te ar 120 Aonidia crenulata .. fey et dentata ae ine RAAT tindica ne Boe tic. U.to) spinosissima ea ee eA Ar targioniopsis 6 AAT fttentaculata ae oe 4AO viridis ae ae AT

kempi 17,18 tmajor Bho Wiehe h tyfk Sis minor Seon tts tortaniformis Ty tS Aceraius .. 297 Achatina .. 5 Pei OU fulica . ies Aciagrion 170, 184 approximans Jou lige hisopa 172, 184, 186 *hisopa occidentalis 36 186 folympicum 171, 184, 185 pallidum 172, 184, 186 ftillyardi ic L725187, Acridotheres tristis .. ie 167 Acrydiinae ae vs II! Acrocalanus similis .. a J Akysis 272 kurzit 275 Adoretus.. 265 caliginosus se 0270 lacustris 267, 269, 270 | versutus 269, 270 vestitus 267, 270 Aelurophryne mamumata 469, 470 | Aeschrocoris obscurus se WESC? Aetomylaeus nichofii . 233 Aglaia minutiflora .. 441, 446 Agriocnemis 170, 172, 184, 452, 454 td’abreui peas a! incisa “171, 178, 180, 182 lacteola 171, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 nana.. te IZ Deel 7O,LSO. tpieris 171, 178, 179, 180, 182 pygmaea ..171, 178, 180, 182 selenion ee 178, 180

Page Aphana pulchella 373 variegata 374 Apocaucus laneus 366 Arachnida 398 Aradidae . 362 Arca granosa 139 Archibasis 170, 194 ceylonica 172, 194 oscillans 172, 194 Argia 169, 172 Argiini ~ 451 Argiocnemis 170, 178, 180, 182, “45, 452 aborense 171, 182 fdyeri 451 tgravelyi Bs a cg lunulata 172, 182 nigvicans 182 obscura D2 eLOe rubescens ste 2a 8 yubiola 182 vubtiola intermedia 182 vubtola sumatvana 182 Ariophanta 202 Ariophanta (Nilghiria) ligulata .. 201 Arrup 46, 47, 85 pylorus se 47 Artocarpus integrifolia 443, 444 Aspidestrophus morio Aol.) SSM Aspidiotus ai ae 436 cyanophylli 45. clgfoy | hartii .. 439 rossi . 439 ftamarindi ; 439 Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) cainel- liae ae ; 439 +pseudocamelliae 438 Aspongopus chinensis prod 182355 Assiminea . . i 30-1 = 249), | beddomiana 249, 250, 251 | brevicula 249, 250, 251 francest Aap 2Cte) francesiae 249, 250, 251 scalaris od. AHO violacea 56 250, 251 Assiminea (? Cyclotrophis) fran- cesiae .. ue ez 5 On) Assimineidae 249 Aulacaspis ats Ser 436) | Aulacocyclinae bs Bias) Ao} Auricula 255 auris-judae ie 255 gangetica 255, 250, 257 layardi Soren Gy 4 socotrana a5 257 ttranslucens 256, 257 Auriculidae w255 B Badis Be 286 badis . 272, 286, 287 buchanani , 286, 287 };Bagauda cavernicola 366 splendens ; 366 {Balwantia : pene: 290, 292, 296 soleniformis : _.. 290; 291 Bambusa .. : a7 a 438, 4393 440

Page Barbus 125, 134, 135, 130, 283 carnaticus 4° é B35 dobsont 137 hamiltonii 135 jerdoni 137 *jerdoni maciveri. Re) SY/ kolus 125,135 wm clellandi sn Bisis; malabaricus 125, 135 mossul eas ~ mussullah 135, 136 putitora 135, 136 stoliczkanus 272, 283 ticto . 1255 135 totic yas 135, 130 Barbus (Puntius) stoliczhanus 283 Barilius bendelesis DE) 125 Batrachia . . DIS; lusssos Batrachopsis ae 470 Bensonia monticola .. 3§202 Bimeria fluminalis 395, 396 +Bipalium andrewesi oS 3ns4. +brunneus 50 3fy 35 diana.. 385855 ferudpoorense 29 floweri 32 giganteum 33 findica 39 proserpina 29, 30 smithi 29, 31 fsplendens 36 fsylvestre 37 Bithinella 248 canningensis 248 miliacea Ae 248 miliacea minor .. 249 Bithynia .. 209, 210, 211, 312, 213 costigera 209, 210, 431 costigeva curta 210, 211 kashmirensis tare 213 marginata gee 209) sulcata e2tO tentaculata 212, 213 | Borysthenes suknanicus eres 374: Bufo mammatus BS eZ lee) Bufonidae 469, 470 C oe Calanidae.. ab a I Calicnemis eximia Pat tols miniata 195, 465 pulverulans i akOs Callitettix versicolor.. 375 Callula variegata oO Calopteryginae _ 195, 463 Cancer sulcatus Sette g zo Cantao ocellatus 349. Canthesancus gulo 366 Cappaea taprobanensis 352 Capparis stylosa 439 Capsidae .. ‘ 371 Carbula crassiventris 352 Carcharias 238 dussumieri 235, 238 laticaudatus - Oi5ee 6 2b) melanopterus 235, 238

Carcharias walbeehmi Carcharias (Prionodon) Carcharidae ae Caridina Carissa carandas as Catacanthus incarnatus Cavernularia Cazira verrucosa : Cecyrina platyrhinoides Centrocnemis stali Centromeria simulata Centropagidae Centrotypus assamensis Cercariae Indicae Cercopidae aie Ceriagrion 170, 187, cermorubellum .. ycoeruleum 5 Fs coromandelianum 172, erubescens LZ. fallax .. melanurum olivaceum rubiae Cerianthus Cestracion blochii Chaetogaster Chaetopteridae Channa fburmanica formosana ocellata orientalis ; Chaoborus manillensis Chela boopis Chilopoda Geophilimorpha Chiloscyllium indicum griseum plagiosum ° Chimarrhometra orient alis Chimarrichthys Chionaspis acuminata ; acuminata atricolor yannandalei ycaroli fchir .. elongata litseae megaloba tspiculata {Chionaspis ee gudalura varicosa Chironomidae Chloroneura ois quadrimaculata . Chondrostoma mullya +Chrysocoris gavoensis grandis baro ornatus pulckellus stollii.. Cicadidae Cicindela biramosa

188, 188, 188,

Li2s Sl72e Loos 5 GAS WS

189,

172,

435,

- 375 | Clinopodes 8I 190, 454 carniolensis 83 172, 188 | Cloresmus antennatus 357 189, 190 | Cobitidae.. 272 190, 191 | Cobitis bilturz 280 190, IQT bilturio 279 189, I91 bimucronata 279 189, I9I botia .. 279 189, 190 botya .. 280 190, I9I mooreh 279 ie 307 ocellata e270) 235, 236 scaturigina 279, 280 236; 238" |; Coccidae .. EAgG 141, 144 | Codiaeum.. Be a CANS) - 397 | Coelenterata 395, 396 284, 286 | Coleoptera e207 , 284, 286 | Colpura erebus 357 So AS funebris 357 286 ysulcata 357

286 | Compastes bhutanicus 353 I1z | Contradens 407

272 | Corixidae . 152, 156

436, 437 | Corvospongilla ultima spinosa 111, 158 . 438 | Cosmoscarta dimidiata 375 438 dorsimacula 375

434 egens 375 434 funeralis 370

435 | septempunctata . 375

438 | Cotalpa lanigera 267 438 | +Cotyloplana qa ea 34

438 | Cremnobates 148

437 | Cremnoconchus 109, 119, 120, 148, Aire.

212

436 | conicus canaliculatus 149

350 | Cyclogomphus so Ziife)

350 heterostylus 459, 462, 463

350 minusculus 459, 462

350 verticalis 459, 462, 463

372 | Cyclopelta siccifolia . ae es 54

398 | Cyclops 2

XIV

Page Cyclotrophis 249, 251 papuensis Bee Weiss Cydnus varians 351 Cylindrostethus 118 Cyprinidae 126, 272 Cyprininae _115, 272 | Cyprinoidea 5 e725 | Cyprinus lamia 120130, 003 al) putitora So. ESD semiplotus 280 Cystignathidae 470 D Dalcantha dilatata 354 Dalpada jugatoria 351 oculata 351 varia.. Sue | Danio d 283 | aequipinnatus 125, 272, 283, 284

micronema xe hezOR

Darthula hardwicki .. B75 +Dasynus relatus 358 Decapoda 307, 308 Delavaya .. 415, 422, 423 rupicola 423 Dendrocalamus strictus 434 Diaptomus cinctus .. 30 I Diaspidinae 433 Diaspis 430 cinuamomi- -mangiferae 433 loranthi 433 Tosae .. 433, 434 Dicellophilidae . 46, 47 Diceliophilinae : 46, 48 Dicellophilus sa AG 48, 81, = anomalus c 83, 8 limatus is Didea 299, 300 jannandalei 299, 300 fasciata 299, 300 Dieuches uniguttatus a esis Dinaspis permutans 438 Dindymus lanius 361 rubiginosus . ees OL Dioxippe .. at 305, 330 cevatophora 56 ays) orientalis 347 pusilla 338 Diptera 299 Disargus striatus 45 Discoglossidae 470 Discognathus LIA, Dis. lO, tlyer less 129, 131, 163 blanfordii ya) UG borneensis Gh sy | }gravelyi 130; .1301133 imberbis 129, 131 jerdoni 129, 1305 Use as 2)yenOs +kangrae 163, 164 lamta I1t, 114, 116, 12h L129) 130,

yeh 325 133, 134, 165 lamta rufus ae gio), firey macrochir 129, 130. 131 modestus 20 lO ma Moule ASUENS 13 00S ako, LoS pete

129,030, lakes 2

Page

Discognathus quadrimaculatus I15, 117 yufus .. 30 130 variabilis Ac 116, 130, 131 Disparoneura ° 195 Dolichoplana feildeni os 32 Dorcus hopei 264 parallelopipedus . . ~ 0) #2624 Dostia : 241, 242, 243 cornucopia 242, 243 depressa ee ede {platyconcha 243, 244 violacea 242 Dotilla 305, 306, 309, 310, 311, 320,

3233 3245 See 335) 334, 335, 330

affinis. . 324, 328 planfordi 3003 325, 326, 330 brevitarsis 324, 334, 335 clepsydva 325, 328 clepsydrodactylus 308, 3255) 320 gain

333 fenestrata = 32552 Os S27 Seo

intermedia 306, 308, 309, 317, 325, 326, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 398

malabarica 325, 326, 329 myctiroides 305, 320, 322, 325, 3206, i 327, 330 pertinax 325, 326, 329 profuga 324. 334, 336 sigillorum 308, 324 sulcata 324, 325, 326, 328, 329 wichmanni 325, 326, 320, 330, 333 Dotillidae. . bg 310 {Dotillopsis 305, 306, 309, 310, 324, REN 334, 336 brevitarsis 334, 335 PLOne 334s 336 Doto 305, 324 sulcatus 327, 328

E Echinodermata 397 Echo maxima 195 | Ectatops gelanor 361 | Ectrichodiinae 368 Ectrychotes cupreus . rat 8809 yrelatus ESOS Elaeodendron glaucum 448 Elasmomia granulipes 356 lasmostehus nebulosum 356 truncatulum Byer SICKO Enallagma a 170, 183, 184 cyathigerum a 171, 183 glaucum pelos malayanum 171, 183 maldivense 1i7fiiig, Vhes)s) parvum 7K, 178, 183, 184 Endobranchiae- : .2 S295 Enithares indica wc HGS tlactea TS 2eaUs5 paivana rie 156 templetoni 310 152, 156 {Eolymnium 410 Eoscarta semirosea 375 | Kotrechus kalidasa 364 Epallaginae ave 195 Ephydridae oe 300

XV

: Page Page Epirodera impexa 367 | Gastromyzon 56 117 Episphenus 297, 298 | Gelasimus.. 307, 398

yannamensis 297 acutus Sc as 305 comptoni 297. Gelonium . oF 448 indicus .. 297 , Geophili maxillares .. 40 moorei 297, 298 | Geophilinae 105 neelgherriensis 297 | Geophilus insularis 55 Epophthalmia frontalis ha ARO maxillaris he : 61 Erethistes sje 2735-270 tenutculus ae 50 66 asperus 272, 276 | holst .. 50 85 Erithares tempeltoni.. 118 | |Geoporophilus ot tS Euassimineae 249 yangustus 106, 107 Euchlora frischii 266 | Gephyrea .. Se e350 Eucratonychinae 102 | Gerris a ah WAG, Wait Eucratonyx Ne 46, 102 | monticola “ee OF! meinertii 45, 102, 104 | orientalis 4 AB atoyl Euglyptosternum 126, 273, 274 Gerris (Limnogonus) tristan 364 lineatum ae : 126 | Glyptosternon 273, 274 saisii .. se 125, 126 sulcatus He 278 Eumenotes obscura .. 355 | saistt .. 126 Euphria submaculata .. 374 | Gnapholoryx velutinus 264 Euplax .. o¢ 3835 384 | Gobiidae hs) bosei .. 383, 384, 385, 301 | +Gobius bombayensis Get, WAL aes yo) leptophthalma he se, chilkensis ne = meets Euricania ocellus 374 viridipunctatus .. 138 Eurytrachelus reichei .. 264 Gomphinae ee 461 tityus. . 264, 263 | Gonibregmatinae a 98 Eusarcocoris montivagus 352 Goniobasis AI4, 421 Euspongilla 3 1¢g Gonopsis coccinea Nias EGS Eusthenes rubefactus _ 354 {Gorpis annulatus 370 Euterpe “5 | Graptostethus trisignatus 359 Evodia 438 +Gymnaspis ficus 441 Exithemus assamensis 353 yramakrishnae 442 +similis my 353 Gyraulus .. 431 Exobranchiae 291, 295 Exostoma 272, 277, 278 labiatum 277, 278 H vinciguerrae 72,277, 278 Halmopota mediterranea 301 salinarum yO! F +viridescens 300, 301 Bancstrata is te ae orientalis 304, Fenoutlia 414, 415, “416, 417, 420, 421, ae Bee 218 Bae arpactor marginellus 369 Bee mlaia ee oe ae | ee Sit 369 kreitneri 413, 416, 417, 422 ae aes Cer kreitneri bicarinata 418 ae 1 fae: ayensis: pea ee kreitneri carinata 418 eleomseria saitOsay = san ooe Ficus religiosa ae Heleocoris OG are 118 retusa a2 | aplieaatie ead tFiorinia fronteocontracta 447 \ Felix distincta id ¥ : oe odinae multipora A438 telgecius. 307 jplana : ae 447 Helopeltis cinchonae_ 372 jsapindi sie 448 Hemichionaspis chionaspif 438 saprosmae geloniae 448 | Hemi P ay ormis =o Forcipula .. oh 113 Hem aoe : Be Sena quadrispinosa Pe ee es irtipes ie 384 Fossarulus a ane i266 marae Bo Ege A hath Beer ower 199, 201, 202 Fulgora clavata 373 eg braae Ronge t Te 202 spinolae neptuna 199, 200 Tdioeeae 373 Hemisodorcus nepalensis See! ; 373 Himal Fulgoridae 37 t alagrion De 3 yexclamationis 453 G Himantaricum doriae a0 45 noe Himantariinae Se at 90 Garcinia cowa 445 Himantarium indicum 93, 100, LOI indica . 447 insigne ate gI

Xvi

Page Himantarium metnerti 104 Himantosoma ae . 46, 98 porosum oS 45, IOI typicum 45, 100, IOI *typicum bidivisa IOI, 103 *typicum tridivisa IOI, 102 Holophrya - 41, 42 jyannandalei é eA atra .. ee ao 42 tbengalensis fox 42 coleps.. 4c 2 curvilata 42 edentata 43 haplostoma 43 heterostoma 42 indica.. 42 lieberkuhnii we Se 42 marina he ee 43 multifiliis oe ae 41 nigricans Sic 36 42 oblonga Ac 43 ovum.. 42 pogonias 42 simplex 42 tarda. : 42 Homaloptera 115, 117 Homoeocerus concisus 357 simiolus 350 subjectus 356 Homogenae 291, 295 | Homoptera 349 Hoplistodera virescens 352 Hotea curculionoides. . 351 Hydra sis oi II2 Hydrobia (Belgrandia) miliacea oo) . Bias Hydrobia (Bythinella) miliacea .. 248 Hydrobiidae 246, 413, 414, 415, 416 | Hydrobioides is 50 UF nassa .. — 213 Hydrometra vittata .. T52e 063 Hydrometridae TUS, S25 sees O2 Hydrozoa.. ; aie 112 Hygia touchei 358 Hylica paradoxa 376 Hymenoptera é 471 Hypolophus sephen .. 231 Hypsanchenia hardwicki 2g TA: Hypsobia .. So | ee l Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 41 Ilyoplax 305, 309, 310, 336, 337 tenella bc oO Indonaia . 289, 296 Indoneura Me 195 Infusoria .. er fleets Insecta . 308 Iravadia 416 Ischnaspis spathulata e446 Ischnura .. £70, 07251735 L77s 178 fannandalei 171, 173, 174, 175, 177 aurora Soin UA aja, wigs elegans 171, 173, 174, 175, 183 forcipata : ee 17/3 7AlOe immst?. . 184 inarmata Biiy pike 173, 174, 175

{tKoratia ..

Page

Ischnura nurset 3¢ L727, pruinosa Fon) IG rufostigma 171, 173, 174, D755 170% 177 senegalensis ae pb ate {ahy NGPA Ixalus ote UES ie, WIS anuandalei 6 208 t+bombayensis Sisieiy Tye AL, NAVE

125 flaviventris At ston SRI fgaro.. ate 50 | GY/ glandulosus sou zis tkempiae 208 parvulus 208 variabilis 303

J

Jassidae 376 Jullienia Be i carinata 414, 417, 418

fe. Zee distincta an 200, 201, 202 Krisna strigicollis .. 377 L Labeo ate SOM weit, | Labidocera pavo 60 as I | Labrus badis F 286, 287 Laccotrephes griseus. . 152, 154 ruber .. ore me 154 Lamellibranchiata .. 395 Lamellidens 2890, a2 293, 294, 299 consobrina s 152 mainwaringii Z > Se Rear marginalis : 139; ‘Ist, 293 marginalis cylindrica g-gn

| Lamnonyx 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 82 83,85 augusticeps 49 castaneiceps ++ 45,75 cephalotes : 50, 55, 60 *cephalotes multispinata .. 60, 61 *cephalotes subinsularis 5 Bits Oi +diversidens 51, 76, 77 jdiversisternus 51, 81, 82 gigas OG SI, 69, 70, 72 *insularis orientalis 50, 58, 59 japonicus 49. leonensis a 62 maxillaris fae. 48, 51, 6i, 62 mirandus ae 51, 78, 79 +modestus 2 Bits é3; 75 punctifrons 45, 47, 49, 50, 5T. 52, : 53,55, 59, OF punctifrons heteropus 50, 535 54 punctifrons sulcicollis 50, 545 55 rubescens : a 69: rubriceps 51, 66, 67 smithi 51, 79; 80, 81 spissus « 45 515759 70> 78 tsubgigas + 50; 79, 71, 72, 73 +superior or 50, 63, 64.

x

Page

*Lamnonyx superior pallida 50, 65 tahitiensis ; 51, 74 togensis on 55 yuncifer 50, 72, 73 Lamprocoris lateralis 351 roylii .. Vee SOIL Lamprophorus . 25, 28 tenebrosus : SG, 73) Lasiomiris albopilosus | 372 Ledra dorsalis 376 Lepidocephalichthys thermalis 126 Lepidocephalus : 2) LAS thermalis 125, 126 Lepidosaphes 5 alg I auriculatus 446 +meliae 445 pallidus 446 yretrusus 446 travancorensis 446 Leptataspis fulviceps 376 Leptaulacinae 263 tLeptocephalus milnei 215 vermicularis 216 Leptopsaltria samia .. 372 Lestes 56 464 Lestinae .. are 464 Leucaspis indica 449 japonica 56 449 salicis 449 Leuciscus aequipinnatus 283 lineolatus 4 283 Libellaginae 50 WiOs Libellulinae 459, 460 Tiimnaea .. Bg 139, 140 acuminata - 140, 142, 143, 144 *acuminata nana I4I, 142, 146 acuminata patula 140, I41 acuminata rufescens 140, 141 amygdalum 140, 428 andersoniana : 139 bowelli so. ibeto) chlamys - 140, 142, 143, 145 lagotis 50 | bg) mimetica 140 pinguis 3 144 shanensis AC 140

_ succinea 144 Limnaeae .. 14! Limnaeidae fe ao, - BETS) Limnocinda 109, 110, III, 112, 150 indica. . ‘ 109, 110, 151 Limulus molluccanus if 398 Lithoglyphinae ee 407 Lithoglyphus 414, 417 fuscus ats 416, 417 kreitnert 417, 418 liliputanus 416, 417 Lithotis 109, IIQ Litsea whiteana 5 LAS Littorina .. 120, 244, 245 conica vo e4s conica delicatula . 246 conica subintermedia 60 alg delicatula 244, 245, 246 intermedia o> 2a6 melanostoma 244, 245, 246 subintermedia 244, 245, 246

Littorinidae 109, SOD 120, 148, 244, 245

Page

Lohita grandis

Loranthus 50 : 34, cordifolius c

Loxocephala aeruginosa

Lucanidae.. oie

tLychas albimanus hendersoni tricarinatus

Lycorma punicea

Lygaeidae

Lymnea spina - subulata . telankhediensis .

Lymnium .

Macrochlamys ore indica 21,

Macrogomphus annulatus 459, 461,

Macrolininae 5c we

Macrolinus ed

Macropes excavatus .

Macrophthalmidae

Macrophthalminae 308,

Macrophthalmus +310, 383, 384, affinis : 355, 3 bicavinatus 385, brevis. . 385, cayvinimanus 385, compressipes 50 convexus 5.0 385, 389, crinitus . 384, 385, 390, definitus depressus 385, 392, 30 35 desmavresti erato.. 384, 385, 3 gastrodes zo 385, grandidieri a inevmis 385, 389, japonicus me laniger 30 latifrons 384, 3 latreillei Ae pacificus 384, 385, pectinipes are podophthalmus pollent O10 punctulatus 384, sandakani a servatus simplicipes ob sulcatus 385, latipes 385, telescopicus 56 385, tteschi -. 385, 392, 393. tomentosus : 385, transversus 385, 386, VevVaUunrt 385

Macroscytus subaeneus ;

Mainwaringia 50 paludomidea 251,

Malcus scutellatus OIC

Mangifera. . indica ie 3,

Mayrgaritana vondembuschiana 403,

3601 437 433 374 264 379 380 380 374 359 431 431 431 Ato

449 405

XVili

Page Margaritanopsis as 203, 204 Twoodthorpi sic i Zod! Margaron 291 Margaron (Monocondylea) vondem- buschiana 403 Margaron (Unio) bensont 291 Mastacembelus armatus 5 OE Matrona basilaris .. ag | AKR Mayoa modesta 132 Mecistocephalidae .. 46 Mecistocephalinae .. - 46, 47 Mecistocephalus Aga 48, 49, 81 anomalus 83 carniolensis 47 cephalotes 5 69 ferrugineus -» 47, 48 gigas .. c 69 guildingit 62 gullivert 62 heros .. : 55 heteropus : 54 indecorus . 85, 87 limatus AC 83 maxillaris ois 47 mivandus 78 parvus 62 ’ pilosus 60 punctifrons glabridorsalis Re vubriceps 66 smitht . 79, 87 spissus - 75,76 sulcicollis , 55 tahitiensts 74 tenuiculus 66 Medusa Toray Megalophrys 469 Megapodagrion 2 1Q5 Megethmus 46, 47 microporus 47 Megymenum parallelum 355 Melandeva ocellata .. Bu a7 Melania ; 145, 251, 252 jacquetiana Te LAG scabra 139, 146, 147 | tuberc ulata 139, 146, 147 variabilis 3 147 Melania (Mainwaringia) paludo- midea .. a6 Sot BARD Melaniidae : 145, 251, 414, 415 Melanoides é 30 B52 Melia azedarach 446 Membracidae 374 Menida histrio 354 varipennis 353 Meretrix meretrix 395, 307 Mesocanthus - 45, 94 albus .. 95 albus minuta ae 95, 96 {brevis xe - 95,97 {discretus 92 95, 98, 99 geminatus OD 90 ;perporosus 95, 97, 98 porosus oe a 90 Metrocoris Sic ae 118 nigrofasciatus .. 40 BOls Stalimey. Se TiC ous 2eenoH {Metrocoropsis 365

Page +Metrocoropsis femorata So, OS Mezira membranacea 362 Michelia champaca 445 Micromerus 198

lineatus 197 Micronympha aurora. é 175 rufostigma a 175 Microphtalma longifacies 265, 266 +Microvelia atromaculata nity eBO2 tlineatipes 36 362 Mictis gallina 356 tenebrosa 350 Mictyrinae x 307 Mictyris sie 307, 308 Miliusa indica Ss Tee AAG velutina ae 441 Mimusops hexandra .. go Avelii Mollusca ate 117, 397, 431 Molpastes haemorrhous bengalensis 167 Monocondylea : yon Monodontina 403, "404, 405, 400, 407 cumingi et AOS

vondembuschiana_ 403, 404, 405, 407 vondembuschiana chaperi .. 404, 405, 406, 407

vondembuschiana inoscularis 408 Mononyx indicus 372 Mudalia Aol AEG Mustelus laevis 235, 238

vulgaris Ae) 42B5 Mutilla agnata 260, 261

dives .. 259, 260

fumipennis 2 ah R260:

lilliputiana 260, 261 Mycetopus oe) eeZOlr Myctiris sulcatus As 328 Myiophanes greeni .. 306 Myliobatis nieuhofii .. Aa 238 tMysoria .. POA is, AA. AAT

costigera ja - ZO

costigera curta 210, 211, 212 tMysorella 431 Mytilaspis gloveri 434

N +Nabis assamensis_ .. Hon 7 mussooriensis .. 371 Naiadae re ee ei Nandidae .. be oa 272 Nanina siamensis C Ba OS) Nassa 252, 253, 397

denegabilis 253, 254

ennurensis : Bore RS

*ennurensis depauperata 253, 254

orissaensis we 253, 254

ovissaensis ennuvensts 7) 25 Nassidae ti) age Naucoridae 152, 154 Naucoris sordidus 118, 152, 155 +Nectophryne kempi EZO7.

maculata se te 207 Nemacheilus Ree 270

aureus é 279, 280

botia .. SC 272, 279

scaturigina Oo. 5 | Beto) Nemachilus hi 114

*Nemachilus anguilla

xix

Page |

UAH nl 27.

| Pelogonus marginatus |

botia .. 125, Bae 279 botia aureus waz | botius .. a see 275 evezardi MES MA MALO, EIT montanus SG.) IMR savona awe L255 Loy uvophthalmus of Some 2 79 Nepidae 5.0 152, 154 Neretina cornucopia 242 Neretina (Dostia) cornucopia 242 Neritaeae Mitrulae 241 Neritidae .. 241 Nerium 445 Nerthus dudgeoni 360 +kempi 360 Neuroctenus affinis 362 Nevisanus nagaensis .. 352 Nezara viridula ass) || Nilautama typica 375 +Ninus turaensis 359 Nodularia .. 289 brandtii 407 contradens.. 407 japanensis en ACs Notonectidae Ba IEG, EG Notopterus chitala .. OMee 207 Nyctibatrachus pygmaeus eels 1303 Nysius ceylanicus 359 O Obelia 397 ‘spinulosa oe 396 Ochrophara montana San Pes 52 Ocypoda.. 5.0 305, 300, 307 ceratophthalma .. ao | BOW macrocera 398 Ocypode 310 Ocypode (Cleistostoma) “pusilla 338 Ocypode (Doto) sulcata 328 Ocy pode cca merahe globosa 312 Ocypodidae 305, 307 Ocypodinae 305, 308 Odonaspis penicillata | sll ego) simplex F AAO Odonata 169, 451 Oithona ae 2 Oligochaeta 121 Olyra 272 Oncomelania 422 Onomaus pompeus oes 371 Onychargia 169, 172 atrocyana 17 fie By] vittigera - 172 Onychogomphus lineatus ta A038 Onychotrechus NAA, W2u rhexenor 120, 152 vadda 120 Ophicephalidae 272 Ophicephalus apus 5 a, 280 Ophiocephalus gachua 125 else harcourt-butleri . een 138 stewarti 138 Ophiocephalidae may Ophrygonius 207 aequalis 297°

Page | Ophrygonius cantori ny Syl cantori convexifrons a 264. Ophryophryne 469 | Orphnaeus brevilabiatus 45 Oryinae 56 88 Ostariophysi 36 271 P Pachydrobia 415, 423 Pachymerium D0 oi 47 Palaemon.. III Palamnaeus 380 fulvipes 381 gravimanus 381 +tristis 380 wroughtoni 381 Paludestrinidae 209 Paludina . Sp eet Paludomus 147, 251 annandalei 50 ial) obesa.. 117, 147, 148 tanjoriensis LAS Pamera pallicornis 361 vincta ys ee gL Panthous excellens .. sa 1 Ye Paracalanus crassirostris ac I {Paralibavius 368 ysingularis 368 Paranemobius pictus. . III Paraprososthenia 413, 414, 415, 416, 420, 423 gredleri 422

}{Paraprososthenia (Parapyrgula)

coggini 413, 414, 415, 416, 421, 423 {Parapyrgula 414, 415, 420, 423 ‘Parastasia confluens . 266, 267 Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) ee quemouti III Parexostoma 272 Parlatoria 436, ‘442, 4A4 yartocarpi To Ae calianthina 445 pergandei 445 }vateriae 444 Parlatoria (Websteriella) atalantiae AAS tpapillosa 443 Paromius exiguus OO Parreyssia 150, 289, 292, 294, 296 corrugata III, 139, I51 ycylindrica reeIh 10Z{O)5 Avo) favidens ate 150, 292 Passalidae co | 5 AOE: Passalinae 263 Pectinaria. 397 Pelidonota punctata.. 267 +Pelmatoplana himalay ense 37 y+maculosa : 38 trotunda 35 sarasinorum 30 }striata 39 Pelobates. . ‘469, 470 Pelobatidae 469, 470 Pelogonidae 152, 154, 372

152, 154, 372 Pentatomidae oe Srna

Page +Pentorya indica .. .. 38, 89 Percesoces ae 272 Perciformes 272 Perilampus aequipinnatus 283 affinis.. 283 ;Perittopus maculatus 363 Petalocephala latifrons 376 Phenacaspis = AZO Phyllopertha horticola 266, 267 Physa prinsepii So 431 Physopelta gutta .. sO Physunio . .200, 289, 294, 206 ferrugineus d 294, 410 Picromerus obtusus .. sc. SRéL Fimelodes Manggot 276 anisurus 275 asperus 276 indicus 276 mangots 275, 276 Pinus 436 Piper do. ABy Pirates arcuatus 120, 1525) 054 Placocephalus kewensis 50 32 Placodesmata nee as 46 Planorbis .. : 5 AG exustus ona 145, 428 labiatus xt 145 Planorbis (Gyvaulus) labiatus ee IST Platycava nasuta 131, 432 | Platycneminae 464 Platycnemis latipes dealbata 195 Plat ylomia similis 372 umbrata 373 Pleurocera elevatum . Sob eet Pleuroceratidae 413, 414,415, 416 Pieuroceridae AT3 Plotia 147, 252 Plumatella emarginata as Itt javanica cite ee Taran Pochazia guttifera 374 Podolestes 195 Poecilocoris hardwickii : 350

+ Poecilogonalos fulvoscutellata 471, 472

{kerala 472, 473 Poecilogonalos (Lrigonalys) pulchella 471

Poeciloscytus longicornis 372 Poliaspis ao 436 Polychaeta 26 307 Polynoidae Sc 07 Polyporogaster 45, 90, 94 geminatus ae Aaa go indicus 45,91, 93 insignis 45, 90, 91, 93 fsinuatus 5c - O1, 62 tunetanus ie ats 90 Polyzoa ULIee3 tO Pomponia fusca 373 Pontellidae one 1,9 Priassus exemptus .. 353 Pristis cuspidatus 225 {Prolamnonyx - 47, 84 holstii Sc 47, 85, 86 }sauteri 2 eka ay 87 Prososthenia 414, 420 Protoneurinae oe AOR Protosticta 195

xx

Page Protosticta gravelyi .. 459, 405 _ Pseudacanthinae 36 ee 263 Pseudagrion E70, 172; 191, 1945, 1968 australasiae aie ate 192 azureum ate oo | UG j+bengalense ale 172, 192, 183 bidentatum 172 decorum ae 172 hisopa ate ee CO. hypermelas 172, 192, 194, 467 microcephalum ..172,192, 193, 467 rubriceps = Al 72yalQ2 LOS mOy! Pseudecheneis 2 1272 272 27 AR 27S sulcatus Bic 272, 278 Pseudodiaptomus tts 2 fannandalei ‘ Alea ik sets binghami Be SA Yio hy 19) hickmani ss sia AO lobipes Liv Si Onan OeO ftollingeri 1, 250518 Pseudodon 289, 295, 206, 403, 404, 406, 407 aeneolus 404 cambodjensis Aon chapert a0 403, 404, 407 crebristriatus So). Zlop/ cumingtt 404, 408 ellipticum 404 inoscularis 404, 407 moreleti 295, 403, 404 nicobaricus Ag, eZ peguensis 407 resuspinatus é oeAOr: salvenianus 29 5, 296, 403, 404 thomsoni : Bre toy tumidus a 404 vondembuschiana 404, 407 zollingeri a aoe AO zollingeri angulosa 404, 407 Pseudodon (Pseudodon) 2905 Pseudogonalos harmandi 471 Pseudomphalae ate sie L249) Pseudophaea dispar .. Ec) los Pseudovivipara orc Boia ou Psidium .. 446 Psilorhynchus 114, “hrs, 116, 1 17, 127 balitora : 128 }tentaculatus 113, LIA, TL 7et 25 lee Psophis erythraea .. OO Ptevoplatea micrura 232, 239 poecilura We 232, 233, 239 Pteropsarion aequipinnatus 50 SS} Ptilomera laticaudata LLOs 152502546 365 Pycanum ochraceum.. 354 Pyrgula 413, sine et 422 Pyrrhocoridae 361 Pyrrhopeplus posthumus 361 R Rana 3 207 cyanophlyctis errs Oi, Wa, 15) garoensis ate 55 | BOY hexadactyla 122 limnocharis >C 121, 122, 124 limnocharis niligiraca 123

XxX1

Page *Rana limnocharis syhadrensis .. 113, TiS, 1205 123 pleskei te 70 pleskii 470 semipalmata 303 Ranatra OD 464 Rasbora daniconius .. 125 Rasborinae a 272 Reduviidae 152, 154, 366 Rhagovelia Br LS nigricans Sot, UGA, sei. S{sp2 Rheumatotrechus himalayanus 364 Rhinobatis columnae 226, 230, 234 Rhinocypha 195, 198 iridea .. oe lOs tRhodischnura ae L7Os 17/3 s0l7.7, nursei fit Lgie i Gag aig ntG hss Rhombunio 408, 410 Rhynchocoris humeralis : 353 Rhynchota 109, 113, 117, 118, 120, 152, 349, 371 Rhysota eo?

Rihirbus trochtericus _ 370 | Ringicula .. so Bel apicata 254, 255 auriculata a5 | BRS yFeaeca 254 Ringiculidae 254 Riptortus linearis xo Se) Rissoidae .. 415, 416 Rutelinae .. aig 1 = ors

Ss)

Saiva cardinalis 373 gemmata 373 Salenomphalae 249

Salix : ons 449 | Sapindus trifoliatus as 448 Sastragala heterospila 355 ftrilineata 355 +Scadra castanea 367 fuscicrus 367 Scarabaeidae 265 Scelimena harpago III Schistosoma japonicum 425, 427, 428, bas 420 spindalis 56, Lio) Scoliodon .. BY 235, 236, 238 palassorah 23230312375 230 sorrakowah 225, 235, 236, 237, 238 walbeehmi 22a 22R 234s 236. 236, 238 Scopimera 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,310,

322, 323, 324, 336

crabricauda 310, 311

globosa 309, 310, 3IT, S125 354, 305s!

316, 322, 323

inflata <5 311, 387, 321, 322, 323, 324. investigatoris CU, GG, Gi, chile ; 319, 323 kochi ie: B73 225 3235 324 myctivoides 320 pilula’ 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316 tproxima 305, 306, 311, 317, 318, i 319 sigillorum 311, 323, 324

Page

Scopimera tuberculata S12 ses:

Scopimerinae 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 330, 336, 345

Semiplotus ie 130280 +cirrhosus 272, 280 modestus 282, 283 semiplotus 282, 283 Septaria 24T, 242 crepidularia e243 depressa 243 Serinetha abdominalis Bead Pee) Siluridae 115, 126 Siluroidea .. ee MV27E Sisor 273, 276 Sisoridae .. DR GX] Solen Sc een s300 Solenaia 204, 206, 289, 290, 291 soleniformts +. 203, 205, 290, 291 Somileptes unispina .. 279 | Spatha 291 | Sphaerona 396 Sphedanolestes mendicus 369 Spionidae.. 397 Spongilla alba no, carteri deem ohSs cinerea 158, 159 crateriformis Aa alts) geei Bo easy) gvavelyt 160, 161 indica. 160, I61 lacustris : 157 lacustris proliferens a lss tperviridis III, 158, 161 sumatrana 158, 160 *sumatrana centralis 158, 161 sumatrana gravelyi Or sumatrana indica a Or *sumatrana rivularis 158, 161 sumatrensis rivularis III Spongilla (Euspongilla) cinerea . 158 +perviridis 159

Spongilla (Stratospongilla) suma-

tranaeee- 160 Spongillidae 156 Stenothyra 240

deltae.. 247

yechinata eA

tsoluta 247, 248 Stratiomyidae wane a120 Striatella .. 2st 252 Succineidae 109, II9 Sycanus so ) SO

+dubius 369 Syllidae 397 Syrphidae.. 299 Syrphus 209

annulipes 300

T

Taeniocerus bicuspis. . eros Tamarindus : 438, 439 Tarebia a 6252 Taxus wallichiana 448 Teinobasis 184. Tetragenae 291 Tettiginae ren

Page

Tettigoniella ferruginea e376 inflammata 3k 4 eS76 leopardina ore ce 70 sikhimensis Hr Arty 1176) Thalassema 399, 401 branchiorhynchus 396, 399, 401 dendrorhynchus .. 401 PCO UyeCReS : eee 309, ‘400, 401 sabinum 400, 401 Thermagrion 189, 190 Tholymis tillarga Pe. 461 Tiberiodes ae 298 _Tipulidae .. 4¢ 30) WX) Tituria planata Bio er Ako 7O Tolumnia latipes ss oe esee Tortanus .. Fc 50 17 Tosena melanoptera .. ah 372 Tramea limbata As ste 2 400 Trigonalidae ae Ga GA Trochospongilla ae OAS: latouchiana a oo Ry! *latouchiana sinensis sa aly Trygon .. Ee 56 232 bleekeri ae Sor E19) kuhlii 220 Meal eee uarnak 50 230, 231 Tygarrup .. 47, 81 intermedius 48, 83

Tympanomerus 305, 306, 307, 308, 300, 310, 311, 334, 336, 337, 344, 345

ceratophora 336, 338, 348 deschampsi 306, 338, 339, 340, 344 | tfrater 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, |

; 345 Tgangeticus 338, 340, 345, 346, 3473

34

integer - 336, 337, 338

lingulatus 336, 338, 344, 345, 346

methypocoelis .. aR 338

orientalis 338, 340, 345, 340, 347,

348

philippinensis .. 337, 338

stapletoni 306, 336, 338, 339, 340,

; 344

pusillus 309, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, ; 345 |

fstevensi 337, 338, 339, 340, 341,

342, 343, 345

U

Unio 205, 404, 408, 409, 410

laosensis “Oc “eli203

littoralis we eos

Unio marginalis cylindrica

pictorum simonis solenitformis terminalis

Unio (Eolymnium) terminalis Unio (Lymnium) terminalis

Page 151 410, 411 - 409 204, 205 " 410 4it

410

Unio (Rhombunio) semirugatus 409, 410

Unionidae 111,

Unioninae. . Upogebia .. Uruguaya..

V

Valentia apetala compressipes Valvata minima Vangama steneosaura Vateria indica Vatica lanceifolia obscura Velocipeda aliena Vertomannus capitatus Vespidae .. a6 Vilius melanopterus .. Villanoranus dichrous Virgularia Virgus 5 Vorticella..

W

Walsura piscidia Websteriella vateriae

Xesta citrina distincta

Xiphiagrion

Zizyphus jujuba 50 Zoniagrion sie Zygaena .. se

blochit oe Zygoptera. . te

SL OES

os 295

441, 444

150, 203, 289, 291, 295,

403

306 157

366 366 431 377

441 446 371 360 471 369 370 396 407 198

441 444 441

200, 202 200 199 179

438 453 235 235, 236 169, 463

ie ASP RELIMIUNAR Y= NOREE.O N. SOME NE W SPECIES OF COREL Om A.

By Capt. R. B. SEyMouR SEWELL, B.A., I.M.S., Surgeon-Natur- alist to the Marine Survey of India and Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India.

(With Plates IX—X.)

The following species of Copepoda, hitherto unknown to science, were obtained in two collections. The first of these is a large and extremely interesting collection made by members of the Zoological Survey of India during their survey of the Chilka Lake.' The Copepoda present an interesting mixture of freshwater and true marine forms. I give below a list of the various species that I have been able to identify from the Chilka collection :—~

Family CALANIDAE.

Genus Paracalanus, Boeck. Paracalanus crasstrostris (Dahl).

Genus Acrocalanus, Giesbrecht. Acrocalanus similis, Sewell.

Family CENTROPAGIDAE.

Genus Pseudodiaptomus, Herrick. Pseudodiaptomus lobipes, Gurney. Pseudodiaptomus hickmant, Sewell. Pseudodiaptomus binghami, Sewell. Pseudodiaptomus annandalet, sp. nov. Pseudodiaptomus tollingert, sp. nov.

Genus Diaptomus, Westwood. Diaptomus cinctus, Gurney.

Family PONTELLIDAE.

Genus Labidocera, Lubbock. Labidocera pavo, Giesbrecht. Genus Acartia, Dana. Acartia centrura, Giesbrecht. Acartia spinicauda, Giesbrecht. Acartia southwelli, Sewell. Acartia chilkaensis, sp. nov.

l See Mem. Ind. Mus., Vol. V.

2 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI,

Genus Acartiella, Sewell. Acartiella major, sp. nov. Acartiella minor, sp. nov.

In addition there were present examples of Cyclops, Euterpe, Oithona, and numerous Harpacticids and nauplii that I have up to the present been unable to identify.

The second collection is a smaller one made by Dr. Gravely, Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, in the backwater at Cochin, and contained another new species of the genus Acartiella, namely A. gravelyt, sp. nov.

It is particularly interesting to me to be able to record and describe three new species of the genus Acartiella; this genus was created by me (Sewell, 1914, p. 245) to accommodate two species from the Rangoon River estuary and the Gulf of Mannar res- pectively, and the occurrence of other species in such widely separate localities as Cochin and the Chilka Lake leads one to expect that the genus will prove to be represented throughout the brackish and estuarine waters of India.

Family CENTROPAGIDAE.

Genus Pseudodiaptomus, Herrick. Pseudodiaptomus tollingeri, sp. nov.

(Plate X, fig. 8.)

Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection and in a collection from Port Canning in the Gangetic delta.

@ Yotallength——a-34mm:

The proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 007:/410)'—==1G0:

The head and rst thoracic segments are fused as are also thoracic segments 4 and 5. The anterior extremity presents a uniformly rounded forehead and the rostrum consists of two short stout spines.

The posterior thoracic margin is armed with a single spine situated towards the dorsal surface and ventro-laterally there is a rounded projection fringed with hair.

The abdomen consists of four segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :—

33:19: 19:9: 20 = I00.

The first three segments are each furnished with a row of spines along the dorsal part of the posterior margin, and in addition the Ist or genital segment bears a transverse row of needle-like spines across the ventral aspect anterior to the genital opening, and two transverse rows of fine spinules on the dorsal surface. The furcal rami are symmetrical and bear five setae, of

1918. R. B. S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 3 g1d.]

which the central or 3rd one is expanded proximally to form a spear-shaped base as in P. binghami °.

Mature females carry a pait of egg-sacs each containing 7 or 8 ova.

The 1st antennae.—When folded back the antenna reaches to the posterior end of the genital segment ; it consists of 21 segments, having the following proportional lengths :—

Segments BSG CBS) BNC! ve ee ire Site ye 20) TE LON RT eeLArs Cher MO) eles * COPIAZT 10) 3126 124-2 S91 24e* 2Als 94 DAO Sgn 2= 104 2 OA. OF GOW » 4 8': tits) 8 UC) 8 AOS Aire AS 520 598 7 O1— 1OOO:

The 2nd antenna has the form usual in this genus, but resembles that of P. hickmani in that it is armed with a row of fine spines on the termjnal segment of the endopodite.

The maxilliped consists of the usual two basal segments anda terminal portion of five segments.

Basal 1 is provided with a stout spine-like seta at its distal end. Basal 2 bears 3 setae on its margin and is armed with a palisade of needle-like spines.

The ist pair of legs have the usual structure, both exopod and endopod being composed of three segments.

Basal I is armed with a row of spines on its external margin about the middle of its length; exopod I bears a spine which projects as far as or a little beyond the distal end of the segment ; exopod 2 is unarmed; exopod 3 bears two needle-like marginal spines and a delicate end-spine which is not quite as long as exopod 2 and 3 together.

The endopod reaches to a point a little beyond the middle of exopod 3.

The 2nd pair of legs.—Basal 1 bears two transverse rows of spines on its outer margin and basal 2 bears a few scattered Spines externally.

The 3rd patr of legs.—There is a row of spines on the proximal part of basal r, and a few spines distally on the same segment. Basal 2 bears three or four spines.

The 4th pair of legs.—There is a transverse row of spines on basal 1 near the distal margin, but basal 2 is unarmed.

The 5th pair of legs.—¥Fach consists of a three-jointed exopod only. The Ist segment bears a few small spines on its outer border about the middle of its length and is armed internally with an oblique row of spines. The 2nd segment is produced at its distal internal angle in a lamelliform process which terminates in a sharp point: externally there is a single small needle-like spine. The 3rd segment bears three spines and is produced externally in a bluntly rounded process: of the three spines, the outer is long and curved and in length is nearly equal to the whole limb; it is finely serrated along both borders: the middlespine is straight, about kalf the length of the outer one and is serfated on both margins: the inner spine is somewhat curved and is short and

4 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

stout with coarse serrations on its inner, and fine teeth on its outer border.

Specimens from the Chilka Lake differ slightly from the above description, which is taken from Port Canning specimens. They are slightly smaller and on the 2nd segment of the 5th pair of legs there is a corona of fine spines on the external part of the distal margin.

@. Total length = 1°20 mm.

Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—

638137, — aloo.

The cephalo-thorax resembles that of the @. The abdomen consists of five segments: the Ist segment is short and unarmed : the 2nd and 3rd segments are armed with a complete circle of spines around the posterior margin and in addition bear a trans- verse row of spines on the ventral surface: the 4th segment bears only the distal ring of spines and segment 5 is unarmed. ‘The proportional lengths of the abdominal segments and furca are as follows :—

13920) Oe sje OF 2 ee OO,

The furecal rami are symmetrical and bear five setae of which the 3rd resembles the others and is not expanded as in the? .

The ist antennae.—That of the left side is unmodified as in the 2: the segments have the following proportions :— 1 9f 29H AER TORT SOs LOMO}: STs he Sie 3A pas pO 65:54:19: 32:38 222% 24:3 272272432547 50: 65: Ob. GSESOE

VPS Ks) Bulle) S Boys ita

ASA Ses lees Oi OL LOO:

On the right side the antenna is modified to form a grasping organ: the segments have the following proportional lengths :— Segments Loe 2 ras Sede SOs Oy GakO} ae 2 Gage ire sneer On etme 75 GG a2)) TORVIO. 1O 2) 1l 08 | Ol 201830 Oe OA rCeaeIn On

1d. < 19.2 20-21. TLS htO5 cy LOOM — OOO:

Segments

Segments 13 to 17 are considerably swollen; segment 17 bears a tooth-plate that extends the whole length of its upper margin and overlaps the succeeding segment; segment 18 is armed with a tooth-plate that terminates distally in a sharp point; segment Ig bears two spine-like tooth-plates, of which the proximal is about half the length of the distal, and this latter ex- tends to the extreme limit of the segment.

All tooth-plates are stained a brown colour.

The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts, and swimming legs are as in the °. .

The 5th pair of legs.—The right leg consists of four segments: the Ist segment (basal) is produced internally in an angular projection bearing at its internal angle a double process, the outer part rounded and the inner truncated and provided with a seta. Exopod 1 is produced at its distal-external angle in a prominent

1918. | R. B.S. SeEwELL: New species of Copepoda. 5

spine; exopod 2 is much dilated and bears a few spines on both internal and external margins; exopod 3 in shape closely resembles the corresponding joint in P. lobipes; about the middle ot its length it is dilated the dilatation being fringed distally with spines, and it terminates in a long curved simple process.

The left leg consists of only three joints: of these the Ist (basal) bears a row of spines on its external margin and internally is produced into two processes which represent the remains of the endopod—the innermost is long and simple and the outer process is a broad flat plate terminating in two spines. Exopod 1 is provided with a row of needle-like spines on the proximal part of its inner margin, and externally it is produced at its distal end in a short stout spinous process, while the distal border is armed posteriorly with a row of spinules; exopod 2-3 (the terminal segment) bears a row of needle-like spines on the proximal part of its inner margin and externally it carries a large doubly-serrated spine; the terminal part of the joint is bent sharply on itself and terminates in three unequal processes.

Pseudodiaptomus annandalei, sp. nov. (Plate X, fig. 9.)

Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. N. Annandale, the Director of the Zoological Survey of India.

2. Total length = 1°18 mm.

Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 7i.3 20 = 100.

The head and first thoracic segments are fused, as also are thoracic segments 4 and 5: the forehead when viewed from above forms a sharply rounded prominence: the rostrum consists of two spinous processes. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is armed with a comb of 6-8 coarse curved teeth, and the last thoracic segment also bears laterally a doubie row of small spines.

The abdomen consists of four segments; of these the Ist is very nearly symmetrical and is produced on either side in a large recurved spine, but there are no spines on the posterior margin; segment 2 is armed with a row of very smail spines on the posterior margin dorsally; segment 3 is armed with a corona of spines on the dorso-lateral part of the posterior border, which spines are somewhat larger laterally than on the dorsal surface.

The furcal rami are symmetrical and bear five setae which are short and stout and the 3rd seta is much dilated: all the setae and the inner margin of the furcal rami are fringed with bristle-like hairs. The proportional lengths of the abdominal segments and furca are as follows :—

AQ AGA TAS 04 623)— iO.

6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI,

Mature females bear two egg-sacs each containing 6-8 ova. The ist antenna when folded back reaches to the posterior end of the genital segment of the abdomen. It consists of 21 segments having the following proportional lengths :— Segments tee vps Sends DO ee 67 Se Oa slOM el ised ara ia el ee Syne OMe OHIBV VIG 2S che ite AVR 8 2eke ehes i 8 Mee One Os) GCM 2 ORS BF Wp shes it) SAOE Ail Wopagit pile Bye Sy

= 1000.

All the antennal setae appear to be bristle-like and devaid of plumose hairs.

The 2nd antenna is similar to that of P. hickmant.

The maxillipzd consists of two basal joints and an end portion of 5 segments. Basal 1 bears distally a stout serrated spine; basal 2 is fringed with a palisade of spines.

The ist patr of legs.—Basal 1 is armed with a transverse row of small spines on its external margin, and a second row about the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of the segment; basal 2 also bears an oblique row of spines. The exopod and endopod are each of three segments; exopod I bears a small marginal seta that barely reaches to the distal end of the segment.

The 2nd and 3rd pair of legs.—Basal 1 bears a transverse row of spines on the proximal part of the outer margin; basal 2 bears a longitudinal row of spines on its outer margin.

The 4th pair of legs —Both basals are devoid of spines.

The 5th pair of legs.-—Each consists of a three-jointed ramus : the Ist segment bears a row of spines on its outer surface: the 2nd segment is armed at its distal external angle with a single marginal serrated spine, and there is no trace of any internal lamelliform process such as is found in P. tollingeri and P. lobipes: the 3rd segment bears a small marginal spine and three end spines, of which the outer is by far the longest and stoutest and is serrated on both margins.

o. Total length = r'o9 mm.

Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—.

67e335=— 500:

The male appears to differ very considerably from the female for the posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is totally devoid of spines, with the single exception of a small spine situated towards the dorsal end of the posterior margin. The abdomen consists of five segments having with the furca the following proportional lengths :—

TL, 322 33207 275, OC Zin 100.

The 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments are each armed with a com- plete circle of spines on their distal margins and in addition the 2nd segment also bears a transverse row of small spines on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The furcal setae are coarsely fringed as in the ¢, but the 3rd seta is not expanded: there is a very small dorsal accessory seta.

1918.] R. B. S. SEWELL: New spe cies of Copepoda. 7

The Ist antennae.—That on the left side is unmodified and has

the following proportional lengths of the segments :— Segments Tee aise Aer Sen On ee eC On LOGE Tl, ce Tones EARS Dos TG): 5) 8 GIS GB ord ciel’ Ss we Ho) B19) 8 FIO) S SES Ho) GGG 5 OWS OES OF SEE 17:18:19: 20: 21. 47:55: 55:60:75. = 1000

The right antenna is as usual modified to form a grasping organ: the various joints have the following proportional lengths :—

Segments W9§ 4 8 38 ah 8 BR OR oe G30) Fi) 8 10 i 9133.8 SVS Gi 8 GS Bibi 5 OS) 8G) 8 nOFG NLR SR Use Gy g —FOle uh exe me 6 aoe Gis Gps On a Gye 18 : 19 : 20-21. 128 LL 7s el OAT 1OCO!

The ‘‘endabschnitt’’ consists of two joints only and the knee-joint lies between segments 18 and 19: segments 13 to 17 are swollen; segment 17 bears on its anterior margin proximally a rounded chitinous plate; segment 18 has a tooth-plate which extends for ? of the length of the segment; segment Ig bears two spine-like tooth-plates, the proximal being short and armed with curved teeth.

The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts and swimming legs are similar to those of the ¢.

The 5th pair of legs.—The right leg consists of three segments. Exopod 1 is produced internally in a spinous process and is armed with a transverse row of spines on its outer margin; exopod 2 is prolonged internally in a lamelliform plate bearing two spine- like processes, a proximal short and claw-like and a distal one much longer and straight; exopod 3 is curved, terminating in a sharp point and bears a single seta on its inner margin. The left leg consists of three segments; exopod I is produced internally in a large irregularly triangular plate; exopod 2 is produced inter- nally in a stout spinous process at the base of which is a short stout spine; exopod 3 bears a serrated spine on its outer margin and terminates in two sharp chitinous teeth.

Pseudodiaptomus binghami, Sewell.

Associated in the Chilka Lake collection with large numbers of P. binghami @ and a few examples of P. lobifes were several unknown males. The female P. binghamt was described by me from a collection made in the Rangoon River estuary, and I believe that the following form is the hitherto unknown © of this species :

@. Total length = 0°86 mm.

Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—

64°5 : 35°5 = I00°0.

The head and ist thoracic segment are fused, as also are thoracic segments 4 and 5. The forehead presents a uniform

8 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

rounded curve. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is armed towards the dorsal surface with a single spine.

The abdomen consists of five segments, which have with the furca the following proportional lengths :—

Il : 20 : 30.2 265, G-224) = r00r

Segments 2, 3 and 4 are each provided with a ring of spines on the posterior margin.

The furcal rami are symmetrical: the 3rd seta is not enlarged in this sex—a condition that is also found in P. annandalei and P. tollingert.

The ist antennae when folded back reach to the posterior thoracic margin. The left antenna is unmodified and resembles that of the @. I give below the proportional lengths of the various segments, and, as in my original description the terminal joints were missing, I also give the proportional lengths of the various segments in the corresponding appendage of the female for purposes of comparison.

Segments Tear Ser dis 5) Om 7c Ont iO mPeITO eel Tau Qnc) ak: mete ea iow el Of RAY DAILY Bev NRE SIY IRE) eh A LOO EIS log” BAe SS} Biss} 8 (oy £ Obs 39 ss) LOls) 2 On se 2 SON 22 2 ee Ok: 30 AO bOn mn ON Oa RmOnE KORA Aeon el ORBZOR Rate Go BS Baler g, 48 GSS Hh 4 7c) — oroop IAG) FCS 6S Ho) 8 GyNe 9/3) 3 Oop

The right antenna is as usual modified; the various segments have the following proportional lengths :—

Segments UES BB ai nt Ons: For 8 On On elias: 12st el Sys alae ea ba Onin EP aa ong MG G7 SVS Aone Ran Dane Dan QA eis! Wy 2 OF ¢

18: 19 : 20-21 TOSI LOS ss el jal

= 1000.

Segment 17 bears a tooth-plate which overlaps the proximal end of the following segment; segment 18 bears a tooth-plate ; segment 19 bears two teeth plates. The tooth-plate on segment 17 is unarmed; that on segment 18 has rounded cusps and the tooth-plate on segment 19 bears spine-like teeth on its proximal portion only, the distal part being smooth.

The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts and swimming legs are identical with the corresponding appendages of P. binghami @.

The 5th pair of legs very closely resemble those of P. lobipes with which this form was associated in the collection. The right leg: basal 1 carries a rounded eminence on its margin; basal 2 bears a similar projection; exopod 1 is produced in a long spine which is serrated on its inner margin only ; exopod 2 is produced internally in a blunt chitinised tubercle; exopod 3 is curved and slender; its inner margin is produced about the middle of the length of the segment in a flattened plate, which at its upper angle bears a small rounded tubercle; below the tubercle the margin is armed with a series of small spines and above it the distal margin bears 3 teeth; beyond this plate the distal part of the

1918. | R. B. S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 9

segment is claw-like and is serrated on its margin. The left leg: basal I is produced in a long claw-like process, terminating in a point; exopod r bears a distal marginal spine; exopod 2 arid 3 forms a flattened leaf-like plate, broader than in P. lobipes and on the outer margin is a short sharp spine serrated on both borders ; the inner margin of the plate is smooth.

Family PONTELLIDAE. Genus Acartia, Dana. Acartia chilkaensis, sp. nov. (Plate IX, figs. 1-5.)

Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. oF Notallength = 0:75 min. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 74: 20'—= L00.

The head and rst thoracic segment ate separate: thoracic segments 4 and 5 are fused. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and is armed with a series of small spines.

The abdomen consists of three segments; of these the 1st and 2nd are armed on the dorsal part of the posterior margin with a tow of minute spinules. The furcal rami are symmetrical ; the 2nd furcal seta is much longer but not any stouter than the rest; the 5th seta arises about half-way along the outer margin of the ramus.

The abdominal segments and furca have the following propor- tional lengths :—

20 e LO 217 2 25) —— 200:

The ist antennae when folded back reach to the middle of the Ist abdominal segment. The segments have the following propor- tional lengths :— Segments Ty oe2-On 7, OelOl es EI 2p 13s 04ee 15 a 1Ore 17s 13) 10) 8 HOG Air 2 BY Oee srs eS sees) 3012015158) ) 5 On 2 90) 2-550: 70s 5 a SW OO: DES DGS BOS Ny Ast OO) 44535 20i— lL OOO:

Segments 16, 17 and 19 are all armed with a transverse row of minute spines on the distal part of the posterior margin. There are no spines on any of the basal segments.

The 5th pair of legs.—These closely resemble those of 4. centruva ; the basal segment bears a long marginal seta, and the distal portion is dilated basally and is then produced in a curved spinous process with a small notch in the outer margin about the middle of its length.

@. Total length = 0°70 mm.

Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 75: 25 = 100,

10 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

The cephalo-thorax resembles that of the 2 . The abdomen consists of 5 segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :—

LO 130 2.202460. 14-316, 00:

The abdominal segments are all devoid of spines and the 2nd furcal seta is not appreciably longer than the others.

The ist antennae.—This appendage when folded back does not quite reach as far as the posterior thoracic margin. The distal segments have the following proportional lengths :—

Segments te) BWA Boils B 1X6) 9 5A? ites SF WOE O Baas BY) BeOS RSW 9 SDS SRR WE 9 Wop

Segment 17 bears a spine-like tooth-plate which projects beyond the distal border over the following segment; segment 18 bears a palisade of fine needle-like spines on its anterior border; segment I9 bears two spine-like tooth-plates and carries a single long seta at its distal end.

The 2nd antenna resembles that of A. centrura.

The maxilliped resembles that of A. southwellt.

The 5th paiy of legs.—The right leg forms the usual claw; basal 1 bears a stout seta; exopod 2 is produced internally in a roughly quadrilateral plate, and exopod 3 is curved and is armed with a spine on its inner margin and a terminal spine. The left leg: exopod 1 is produced internally in a rounded projec- tion from the base of which arises a seta; exopod 3 is curved and rounded at the top and bears a long seta on its inner margin.

Similar examples of the o were obtained in both collections: it is interesting to note that the specimens from Cochin are somewhat larger than those from the Chilka Lake measuring 082 mm. in total length and furthermore the abdominal segments are armed, segments 2, 3 and 4 all bearing a row of minute spines on the posterior margin dorsally. As, however, the specimens agree in all other particulars, I am inclined to regard this as a local variation ; a very similar state of affairs exists in specimens of A. southwellt obtained from the Gulf of Mannar and the Chilka Lake.

Genus Acartiella, Sewell. Acartiella gravelyi, sp. nov. (Plate TX, fis’ 7 > Plate xX, figs; 14 land5:)

Several examples, of both sexes, were present in the collection from Cochin. 9. Total length = 1°4 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— 62°3°37:2\— EGo;

The head and ist thoracic segment are separate, as also are thoracic segments 4 and 5.

1918, | R. B.S. SEWELL: New spectes of Copepoda. se

The anterior end of the head presents a uniformly rounded ‘‘forehead’’ and the rostrum is absent. The posterior thoracic margin is rounded and unarmed. The abdomen consists of three segments, of which the 3rd is extremely short, so short that it gives the appearance of atwo-jointed abdomen. The furcal ramiare not symmetrical, that on the right side being the longer.

The abdominal segments and furca have the following relative lengths :—

Sore 35 kO 1 LOO:

The genital swelling forms a well-marked projection on the ventral aspect of the Ist abdominal segment. The 2nd furcal seta is stouter and considerably longer than the rest; the 5th seta arises from the external margin, at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the segment, and there is a well-developed acces- sory dorsal seta.

The 1st antenna when folded back reaches to the middle of the 2nd abdominal segment. As in other members both of this genus and of the genus Acartia, the proximal segments of the antenna tend to become fused together: as the line of demarcation between segments frequently runs in a spiral round the antenna, the least change in position gives a totally different length measurement for any given joint. SofarasI can make them out the following are the proportional lengths of the various segments in this species :—

Segments Te 2) 2e4) 5-01 7 O-Ols LOMe ere 12 3 13-14 > 15 3 16 > 17:18: 19 : 20: Ree WHOS BY) BIAS Yo SO AS Fors GO 8 BW S Fae GE SESS GH Goes Bit 2D, 9 BXe gil 9 aie 53 - 40:55: 42: 21 = 1000.

Segments 2 to 4, 5 and 6, 8 and 9g and 13-14 appear to be fused together and segment 15 is also partially fused with the preceding segment. Many of the segments bear oblique rows of fine hair-like spines on their posterior surface.

The 2nd antenna has the same peculiar form as in A. tortani- formis (vide Sewell, 1912, p. 347 and pl. xxi, fig. 4).

The mandible bears four teeth of which the Ist is separated by an interval from the remaining three as in A. torvtaniformis.

The maxilliped very closely resembles that of A. tortaniformts : the end joint bears the same four spinous processes, but the basal segment is armed with a row of 10-12 small spines instead of four large ones.

The ist paty of legs.—Each consists of a two-jointed basal portion, a three-jointed exopod and a two-jointed endopod. Ex- opod 1 and 2 are devoid of marginal spines; exopod 3 bears one long seta-like marginal spine and the usual end-spine. On the inner margins the segments of the exopod bear 1, 1, and 5 setae respectively.

The 2nd patr of legs.—The exopod is three-jointed; exopod 1 bears a small marginal spine and one internal seta; exopod 2 has no marginal spine but bears one internal seta; exopod 3 bears a

12 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor. XVie

marginal and an end-spine and carries five setae internally. The endopod is two-jointed Endopod 1 bears two and endopod 2 seven setae.

The 3rd pair of legs.—The basal portion is two-jointed. The exopod consists of three joints; exopod 1 bears a claw-like marginal spine and one seta; exopod 2 has no spine and one seta; exopod 3 bears one marginal spine, one end-spine and five setae. The endopod is two-jointed, the joints bearing 2 and 7 setae respectively. :

The 4th pair of legs.—The basal portion is two-jointed. The exopod consists of three joints; exopod 1 bears a claw-like mar- ginal spine and one seta; exopod 2 bears a claw-like marginal spine and one seta; exopod 3 bears a claw-like marginal spine and one end-spine, and there are 5 setae. The endopod is two-jointed ; the joints bearing 3 and 7 setae respectively.

The 5th pair of legs.—Fach consists of a basal segment bearing an external seta, and as is usual in this genus a single-jointed exopod and endopod.

The exopod is curved. and ends in a sharp point: about mid- way along its external margin is a single small spine, and the distal fourth of the inner margin is finely serrated. The endopod is about 4 the length of the exopod and also terminates in a sharp point, and on the distal part of the external margin bears four teeth.

@. Total length = 1°16 mm.

Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—

64; 0943547 — 100.0;

The head and thorax are the same as in the ¢.

The abdomen consists of five segments and the furca: of the abdominal segments the anal is very short and the 2nd and 3rd are by far the longest.

The furcal rami are very slightly asymmetrical, the right ramus being slightly the longer: the furcal setae are similar to those of the?.

The proportional lengths of the segments and furca are as follows :—

Eb? eso roe eee 2 OO:

The ist antennae.— That of the left side is unmodified and re- sembles that of the female, though in several cases the segments are not as completely fused, thus rendering it possible to determine the

lengths of individual segments :— Sores 0a eyo sp cle ON Aa SE Ce Olt Ce Oe 9 yg 0S” AA?> 103) 233) 2 82a 129360367: 127 gO 305 41 ene lomeaoo

IQ”: 20 5:21 (32215 '23 5124) 5725- (LENO UES Ifo) S717 2 isos ZEB iitsy — > oor},

The right antenna is modified to form a grasping organ; the various segments have the following proportional lengths :—

1918. ] R. B.S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 13

Segments Ut 254t Sa One eae tO oer es 2 ee eA tel Oe a LOR Laem On LO-2iee ATT 2OLNS hla: Lon Lie +) Cee eeaueA Aas ces AA AEA TRE Tklns LOS) | 22-25. iso Tenors

The knee-joint is situated between segments 18 and 1g and the ‘‘ endabschnitt’’ consists of two joints only. Segments 2 to 4 and 8 to 10 are fused; the 13th to 17th segments are somewhat dilated, though not markedly so; the 17th segment bears a tooth- plate which does not extend beyond the distal extremity of the segment; the rSth segment bears a tooth-plate and has two fang-like spines distally as in A. tortantformis, and the 19th segment has two tooth-plates. All the tooth-plates are furnished with fine teeth.

The 2nd antenna, mouth-paris, and swimming legs are similar to those of the 9.

The 5th patr of legs.—Each leg consists of a single ramus. The right leg possesses four segments; of these the basal one is produced distally in a pair of rounded wing-like flaps, which overlap the proximal part of the next segment; the 2nd segment carries a single seta on its external margin; the 3rd segment bears a single seta on its internal margin, and the 4th distal segment is pointed and claw-like and bears a single seta on its inner margin. The left leg consists of the common basal segment and three free segments; the Ist segment bears a single bristle externally ; the 2nd segment is armed with a small marginal spine distally on the external margin, and the terminal segment bears a single marginal spine on its external border, a small spine on its internal margin and terminates in two unequal spines.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. F. H. Gravely, Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, by whom the collection from Cochin was niade.

Acartiella major, sp. nov. (Plate IX, fig. 8 and Plate X, figs. 2, 3 and 6.)

Numerous examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. 9. Total length = 1°41 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—

67 : 33 = 100.

The head and Ist thoracic segment are separate: thoracic segments 4 and 5 are fused.

The head presents a rounded anterior surface, and the poster- ior thoracic margin is rounded and unarmed. The rostrum is as usual absent.

The abdomen consists of three segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :—

30°: 3L.; 8::.22-== 100.

14 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

The 1st abdominal segment bears a slight rounded prominence posteriorly near the right border. The furcal rami are symmetrical, and the furcal setae are five in number, of which the 2nd is longer and stouter than the others. The ist antennae.—The proportional lengths of the various segments are as follows :— Segments 1: 24:5? 63 7. 18-9 MORAY sy T2-13 A Sel Ola! 7a cal Sean lOne VORP OEP NSVAR eR ul BPR IRB Alo SVN OOM Be 07 8 Tit 20 2Tey22 23d es. 84:54:44: 57 : 44 : 20 =I1000.

There are oblique rows of hairs on segments 7 to 18 very like the rows of fine spines on the segments of the antenna in A. tortantformis.

The 2nd antenna is of the same form as in A. tortaniformis.

The ist and 2nd maxillae are as figured.

The maxilliped terminates in the usual segment bearing four long spines, but on the margin of the Ist segment there are only 2 spines.

The ist patr of legs.—This appendage closely resembles that of A. gravelyt but differs in that exopod 3 bears two fine hair-like marginal spines as well as the usual end-spine.

The 2nd-4th pair of legs.——As in A. gravelyt.

The 5th patr of legs.—Each basal segment carries a marginal seta; the exopod is long and curved, terminating in a sharp point; the inner margin is serrated along the distal 4, and on the outer margin is a single spine: the endopod is quite short, being only + the length of the exopod, and it bears 2 or 3 teeth distally on its outer margin.

a. Lotaldength —= 1:25 mai. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen— Oy So 3Gy = Ola

The abdomen consists of five segments, having with the furcal rami the following proportional lengths :—

ELS 2T NG 0 <5) 20 hOOs

The furcal rami are not quite symmetrical, the right one being slightly the longer: the furcal setae are as in the? . The ist antennae.—That on the left side is unmodified as in the 2 and its terminal joints have the following proportional lengths :— Segments T1212213: 14:15:16: 17:18:19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25. Pp UN BV, SVL Cyl 2 Zs} 2 (oy) (ols) SG fo) BT) isis c¥oy 8 Tells) GYo). 8 aio),

The segments are furnished with oblique rows of hairs as in the @.

The right antenna is modified to form a grasping organ: segments 13 to I7 are somewhat expanded and the knee-joint is situated between segments 18 and 19. ‘The ‘‘ endabschnitt ’’ consists of two joints only; segments 19 to 21 and 22 to 25 are fused together.

1918. | R. B.S. SEWELL: New species of Copepoda. 15

The proportional lengths of the end segments are as follows :—

Segments 13°14: 15:16:17: 18 : 19-21 : 22-25. AB SAS YAU hasty 7 2.123). A1OO) 5 140;

Segment 17 bears a tooth-plate that slightly overlaps the iollowing segment; segment 18 bears a tooth-plate and is armed with the usual two fang-like spines distally ; segment 19-21 bears two tooth-plates, both of them spine-like, the distal being much the longer and overlapping the next segment; segment 19-21 also bears two setae, a terminal one and a smali one about the middle of the length of the toothed surface. All tooth- plates are provided with fine needle-like teeth; on the proximal plates these are long, but on the distal plate of segment I9-21 they are very short.

The 5th pair of legs —On the right side the basal joint is produced in a double fiat process, the outer division being sharply pointed and the inner one rounded and wing-like. Each leg con- sists of three segments having the form typical of the genus.

On the right side exopod 1 bears a marginal seta; exopod 2 bears a single internal seta and exopod 3 terminates in a sharp point and bears a single seta on its inner margin.

On the left side exopod I bears a marginal seta; exopod 2 carries a distal marginal spine, and exopod 3 bears one marginal spine and three end-spines.

Acartiella minor, sp. nov. (Plate IX, fig. 6 and Plate X, fig. 7.)

Examples of both sexes were present in the Chilka Lake collection. 9. Total length = 1°14 mm. Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—

O75 33 — 100:

The head and Ist thoracic segment are separate and thoracic segments 4 and 5 are fused.

The forehead presents a rounded curved surface and the rostrum is absent; the posterior thoracic margin is rounded and devoid of spines.

The abdomen consists of three segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :—

31 220 = 20> 23 — 100;

The furcal rami are asymmetrical, that of the right side being the longer; the furcal setae are as in A. gravelyt, the 5th seta arising from the external margin about the middle of the segment, while the 2nd seta is much longer than the rest.

The ist antennac.—This resembles that of A. gravelyi ; when folded back it reaches to the middle of the Ist abdominal seg- ment.

16 Records of the Indian Museum. RViOL. avile

The various joints of the antenna have the following propor- tional lengths :— Segments Eon12-4 215 6 617) sO TOMO 2A 5-16 07, eS Queer e 462101 929382 19: 3Ous14 3s) 501) 37 OO Ne m7 Onnc Bho mR Olas moe 21es) 223323 924 ee CAN TAS bors 43s 2Ol—tOOo:

Segments 2 to 4,9 and 10, 12 to 14 and 15 and 16 are respectively fused together. There are no spines on any of the segments.

The 2nd antennae, mouth-parts and swimming legs are as in A. gravelyt.

The 5th pat of legs have the form typical of the genus. The exopod is unserrated and is 3 to 4 times the length of the endopod which is short and pointed and is unarmed.

@. Total length 1°07 mm.

Proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen—

65345:—— loo:

The head and thorax are similar to those of the @. The abdomen consists of five segments, having with the furca the following proportional lengths :-—

TOpss2 Of shO 2 hOn-BOt: 226) — 100.

The furcal rami are nearly, though not quite, symmetrical, the right ramus being slightly the longer.

The ist antennag.—That of the right side is modified to form a grasping organ. The proximal segments are so irregularly fused that it is almost impossible to determine their limits of demarca- tion. Segments 13 to 17 are somewhat swollen, and the knee-joint lies between segments 18 and 19. The ‘‘ endabschnitt’’ consists of two joints.

The proportional lengths of the distal segments are as fol- lows :—

Segments ey SAL 8 GeleR OS uy hs) Geren 3 Ove AG AA) AT OO LOO LOS ere ns 4 =

Segment 17 bears a tooth-plate that projects as a spine over the proximal end of segment 18; segment 18 bears a tooth- plate and two fang-like spines distally; segment I9g-21 bears two spine-like tooth-plates of which the distal is much the longer and projects beyond the end of the joint; distally, segment 21 bears a single long seta. All the tooth-plates are armed with fine needle-like teeth.

The left antenna when folded back reaches to the hind end of the 3rd abdominal segment; it is unmodified as in the 9. The proportional lengths of the distal segments are as follows :— Segments T1212°13:14:15:16:17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22 + 23: 24 : 25.

132 33s 3802. 38 5 SS AGT SotOs ests oo OME eee

The mouth-parts and swimming-legs are as in the @. The 5th pair of legs.—The basal segment is produced on the right side in a single stout conical process which overlaps the

1918. ] R. B.S. SEwEtL: New species of Copepoda. 17

proximal end of exopod 1. On the right side, exopod I is a stout segment bearing a single seta on its external margin; exopod 2 bears a rounded prominence on its inner aspect about the middle of its length, from the summit of which a seta arises; exopod 3 is curved, tapering to a point and bears a single seta on its inner border.

On the left side exopod 1 bears on its inner margin distally a single small spiniform process; exopod 2 bears a single small marginal spine distally ; exopod 3 bears a small spine on its outer border, on the inner margin is a single small seta, and terminally are three unequal spines.

The original species of the genus Acartiella, A. tortaniformis (Sewell) was discovered in a collection from the Rangoon River Estuary (Sewell, 1912, p. 346), and all these new species occur in similar localities where the water is brackish: it is interesting to note the association of Pseudodiaptomus binghami, Sewell, with Acartiella major and minor in the Chilka Lake collection, for the only other locality in which P. binghami has hitherto been found is the above-mentioned Rangoon River Estuary.

The only truly marine form in this genus is Acartiella kempt, Sewell, which occurs in the Gulf of Mannar, and it is exceedingly interesting to note that this species in some respects tends to approximate to species both of the genus Tortanus, a purely marine genus, and of the genus Acartia in which many of the species are truly marine: thus in all other members of the genus the -2nd antenna has the peculiar flattened form which I described and figured originally in my description of A. tortantformis (Acartia tortantformis, Sewell, 1912, p. 346 and pl. xxi, fig. 4), but in Acar- ticlla kempi it presents the form commonly found in species of the genera Acartia and Tortanus; again the 5th pair of legs in A. kempr @ is different in form from the corresponding appendage of other members of the genus in that it possesses a long process on the segment exopod 1 of the right ieg, and further there is no process on the basal joint of the same leg, a condition that approximates to that found in the genus 7ortanus: as regards the length of the abdomen Acartiella kempt 2 nearly approximates to the genus Acartia. The known forms of this genus form a distinct series in respect of the proportional length of cephalo-thorax and abdomen, and I give the varying proportions below together with the propor tion in two species of Acartta :—

g Species. Cephalo-thorax. Abdomen. Acartiella tortamiformis .. I'5 I'O Acartiella gravelyt se £7 10 Acartiella major Acartiella ie oe vale Acarivella kempu : 2°5 1'0 Acartia chilkaensis + 2°85 I'O

Acartia southwellt os 35 I’

18

Records of the Indian Museum.

[Vor. XVI, 1918.]

I give below an identification table by means of which the various species of the genus Acarttella can be distinguished from each other :—

I. g and 2. (a) 4th and 5th thoracic segments

separate Sas

(5) 4th and 5th thoracic segments

fused =

Ik. 3g and 9.9 (@)2nd antenna normal ; Acartia- like.

TI!

(6) 2nd antenna having ‘the flattened form typical of the genus

ANOS (a) 5th leg: endopod 3 length of exo- pod and “both serrated... (6) 5th leg: endopod short, + length of exopod :— (1) Exopod serrated on inner margin (2) Exopod unarmed on inner margin : BEG: (a) Basal of right leg produced in a

single process. (1) A short triangular plate (2) A long narrow process (6) Basal of right leg produced in two processes, one rounded and the other triangular

A, gravelyt. vide II.

A. kempt. vide III.

A. tortaniformtis.

A, major.

A. minor.

A. minor. A. tortaniformis.

A. major.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.

Sewell, 1912.—‘‘ Notes on the Surface-living Copepoda of the Bay “of Bengal, I andwll.7-“cikecords oy,

the Indian Museum, Vol.

No. 29.

Vil Patrted vs

Sewell, rg914.—‘‘ Notes on the Surface Copepoda of the Gulf of Mannar.’’ Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. 1X, Part

XXXY.

EXPLANATION -OK PLATE xe

Fic. 1.—Acartia chilkaensis, sp. noyv., 1st pair of legs.

~

2nd-4th pair of legs. 3 maxilliped.

4 5th pair of legs @. 5. ? < 5 5th pair of legs o. 6.—Acarttella minor, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs o.

7 % gravelyt, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs @. 8

major, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs o.

+) Ee So)

ti hetaee

at ot

y ra iy 7D} Sha ee hy Vat Se a

bie Ns :

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX.

Fic. 1.—Acartiella gravelyt, sp. nov., 2nd antenna.

be major, sp. nov., Ist maxilla.

oF * is 2nd maxilla.

eravelyi, sp. nov., maxilliped. oe f 5th leg @.

major, sp. nov., 5th leg @.

WI OPEYWDN

minor, sp. nov., 5thleg ¢. 8.—Pseudodiaptomus tollingert, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs o. pues ey annandaler, sp. nov., 5th pair of legs @.

Plate

71,1918

Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol.X¥

A.Chowdhary lith.

RB Svo.del,

it NOTES. ON THE INDIAN: CLOW-=W ORM POAMPROP HORUS. LENE BROSIUS (WW tk. ):|

By C. A. Paiva, Asststant, Zoological Survey of India.

[Read at the Fifth Indian Science Congress, Lahore. January, 1918. |

(With Plate VIII.)

The present paper is based on personal observations made during the months of August, September and October, 1917. Although the Indian glow-worm is quite common in most parts, especially during the rainy season, when snails, which form its natural food, abound, and although a good deal is known of the structure of larvae of the family and also something about their habits, no detailed account of the natural history of any par- ticular species of Indian glow-worm seems to have been recorded. As is well known, these creatures are entirely nocturnal in their habits and spend the entire day in a state of rest or sleep from which it is almost impossible to awaken them. As soon as the light begins to fade they wake up from their slumber and wander forth in search of food. In their natural surroundings they are probably obliged to search a good deal before they find their food, as those, which I have had under abservation, although supplied with a number of snails, always took some time before they secured a snail each. They can walk rather fast and when in quest of food the head is protruded as far as possible with the antennae, which are retractile, extended to their fullest extent.

My specimens were kept in breeding cages 12” 10” X 8” made of wood with perforated zinc sheeting and glass sides and door. Snails were constantly supplied to them.

Description of full-grown larva.

Length 60.to 65 mm. greatest breadth 19 mm.

Shining black, a rather broad yellowish ochraceous margin on the lateral areas of the thoracic and abdominal segments. The dorsal segments of the thorax and abdomen are composed of chitin- “ous, somewhat flattened plates, partially overlapping each other, that of the pronotum concealing the head. Head protrusible, shining black, flat above, with a deep, central, V-shaped emargina- tion bordered with light brown on anterior margin; mandibles dark red, their inner areas black, very robust, curved, rather bluntly pointed, not overlapping each other, but in the earlier stages these overlap each other to a great extent and are acutely pointed apically, base of mandibtes broad with a strong blunt

20 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vors SVE

tooth on inner margin, just below this tooth on the upper, flattened part of the mandible there is a patch of dense, silky, recumbent, light brown hairs, ashallow groove on the inner margin of each mandible along its attenuated portion, mouth light brown with two brushes of silky hairs interspersed with a few spinose hairs, visible only from above. Antennae three-jointed, basal joint whitish, very stout, a little shorter than second which is longest, second joint whitish with a dark line on its inner area, third joint very short, light brown, a few stiff, brown hairs at the apex of the second and on the third joint. Eyes very small, situated a little within the lateral margins of the head, almost immediately behind the bases of the antennae. Pronotum black, with two longitudinally oblique, discal fasciae, broadened anteriorly and narrowed posteriorly, extending from the anterior margin to a little before the middle of the disk and the lateral margins broadly yellowish ochraceous, lateral and posterior areas of disk rugose, anterior margin rounded, lateral margins oblique, the sides slightly recurved, posterior lateral angles rounded, the posterior margin slightly concavely sinuate near middle, a narrow longitudinal sulcation on middle of disk which extends nearly throughout the dorsal! segments, a rather deep, oblique depression on each side of central area of disk; meso- and metanotum broader than pronotum, discally black and strongly rugose, with some pits or depressions, lateral areas similar in colour to those of pronotum, lateral margins almost straight, posterior margins very slightly concavely sinuate. Abdomen with the first seven segnients black, the greater part of their posterior lateral areas broadly yellowish ochraceous and their lateral and posterior areas faintly rugose, the posterior margins of the sixth and seventh segments are broadly concavely sinuate, their posterior lateral angles being obtusely rounded, eighth segment much smaller than preceding segments, black with a whitish patch on each antero-lateral area, ninth segment almost entirely black with a very fine pale yellow line bordering its posterior margin, which is almost semicircular, its lateral margins rounded. Underside black with the head beneath light brown, margined with black. Membrane connecting sternal seg- ments milky white. The ventral surface of each of the second ab- dominal segments to the ninth bears four longitudinal ridges, each ridge being furnished with a brush of short, stiff brownish hairs or bristles, which are easily broken off. A cluster of soft filamentous processes, which can be protruded at will, situated at the apex of the abdomen. The use of this appendage is explained on Dy 22:

The first larva that attracted my attention was one brought by Dr. N. Annandale from Rambha, in the Ganjam district of the Madras Presidency in August, 1917. As soon as it woke up from its day’s sleep it protruded its head about a quarter of an inch beyond the pronotum and commenced walking quickly about the floor of the cage in search of a snail. On finding a snail it examined it carefully and if it found that the snail had retracted

IgI8. | C. A. Patva: The Indian Glow-worm., ar

itself into its shell it sat on the shell with its head towards the opening and waited till the animal emerged in order to find out what was on top of it. The moment the snail appeared the larva made a stidden grab at its body and if it succeeded in obtaining a firm grip it allowed its head to be dragged in by the snail until it could go no further, then it commenced its meal, at first coiling itself round the shell and then lying on one side with the shell between its legs. It moved its mandibles sideways continuously while it fed. This operation lasted till there was nothing left of the snail and sometimes occupied acouple of hours. Often when a snai! was on the move it was attacked by the larva, but either out of self-defence or from the result of a bite withdrew itself into its shell and secreted a quantity of frothy matter, which the larva invariably sucked up. This, however, did not prevent the larva from continuing its attack, for as soon as it cleared this frothy secretion it inserted its head into the shell, seized the snail, and gradually devoured it. Occasionally it threw out some part of the snail’s body, and in one instance I saw it come back to the spot where it had thrown out some refuse, as it were, and eat up what it had a moment ago apparently rejected.

The number of small snails (Wacrochlamys indica) usually de- voured in one night was about four, but on one or two occasions I found two empty shells of a small-sized Achatina fulica besides four smaller shells. It is doubtiess the case that these creatures spend the whole night either eating or searching for food, for at half past four one morning I saw the larva walking about the cage with its luminous organ glowing very brightly as if it were looking for food. It may also have been possible that it was looking for a place of repose for the day.

On the 17th August at about 8.30 p.m. after I had put out all the lights ! approached the cage stealthily, with a candle which I lit quickly. I found the larva standing with its forelegs resting on the side of a watch-glass containing water. Its head was exten- ded up to the water’s edge and its mandibles and palps were being moved rapidly to and froin the water. This went on for some time and though I placed the lighted candle inside the cage in order to watch it more closely, the larva did not seem to be affected. It oc- casionally thrust its head further into the water, movingit from side to side all the time. The manner in which the larva cleaned itself was very interesting. It usually rested its fore-legs on the receptacle containing water and protruded its head to its fullest extent into the water and moved its mandibles and palps rapidly to and fro. After some time it left the water and walked away a short distance where it lay on its side and rolled itself up. It appeared as if it were preparing to sleep after having had a drink of water. But this was not the case. It had been busy with its toilet. Having completed washing its mouth-parts in the water it now laid down to clean its body. It extended the filamentous appendage at the posterior end of its body, consisting of a number of soft, slender, retractile, sticky-looking objects which form

Pa. Records of the Indtan Museum. [Vor XVI;

a sort of brush when extended; this was pressed closely first against each ventral segment, being drawn in its expanded state across the segment. After each segment had been cleaned this organ was retracted only to be placed on the next and succeeding segments, until all, but the one bearing the organ, were cleaned. ‘This process of cleaning was applied to every part of the body in turn, always beginning from the anterior part First the centre of the ventral segments was cleaned, then the right and left. lateral areas. Having cleaned the underside it moved off to another spot where it remained in a standing position and cleaned the dorsal segments. The only segment it could not clean was the apical one of the abdomen as it could not be reached. After hav- ing finished cleaning its body thoroughly it went back to the water and appeared to drink, as its jaws and palps were almost station- ary. I left the cage in perfect darkness for a quarter of an hour. When I returned I found the larva perched on top of a small stone, which was lying at the bottom of the cage, apparently asleep. I left it thus for the rest of the night. By the morning of the 21st the larva had dug a round hole about an inch and a half in diameter in the soft earth at the bottom of the cage, adjoining a small stone on which I had seen it perched the night before. In this hole it coiled itself up and remained so for the rest of the day. During the night of the 21st it began to enlarge this hole and by the morning of the 22nd it had gone well under the earth. Through a small hole the larva could be seen. It was still in its larval state. All the snails in the cage were thrown away. At 7.15 p.m. the same day the larva commenced to close up the opening through which it could be seen and which had been used for the purpose of throwing out mud excavated from the interior of the hole. Small quantities of earth were held between the man- dibles and carried towards the opening. ‘The earth was gently stuck into the side at the bottom of the hole; gradually it was carried to the top of the hdle; on reaching the opening it was thrust with some force against the side, which caused the earth at the top to fall inwards, but just sufficiently to diminish the size of the opening. Continuing in this manner the larva succeeded in closing the opening entirely. It was now completely enclosed in its ‘*dug-out.’” By the morning of the 23rd it had gone further under the earth and could be seen asleep through a large opening a little distance away from the one which it had closed up the night before. Apparently it had spent the night either in in- creasing the size of its ‘‘ dug-out ” or in going further underground, the large opening having been made for the purpose of placing the excavated earth outside. At 7 p.m. on the 23rd it was still asleep. The light of a candle made it glow faintly, but it did not move. On the morning of the 24th it was in the same position as on the night before. At about 4 p.w. on the 24th it glowed for a short time. On the windows being opened it ceased to glow. By dusk it commenced to close up the opening, which was accomplished in the same manner as explained before. On

1918. | Cc. A. Parva: The Indian Glow-worm. 23

the 25th it could not be seen at all. On the 26th some earth was removed by me causing an opening through which it could be seen lying perfectly still on its side. In order not to disturb it I placed a small stone on top of the opening. On the 27th I touched the larva with a match stick, which it seemed to resent as it moved and glowed. The opening was left uncovered from 5 to 8.30 P.M. during which time it glowed continuously. Nothing took place on the 28th and 29th. On the morning of the 3oth the doors of the room were all closed and the room was in perfect darkness. I removed the stone which covered the opening and a faint glow was visible. which gradually died away. Noise of any kind, even talking, caused it to glow, though very slightly. In the evening I introduced ancther similar larva into the cage. This larva was sent by the Deputy Commissioner of Angul, Orissa. It appeared much larger than the other which had hidden itself in a ‘‘dug-out.”’ The Angul larva behaved in exactly the same manner as the one from Rambha, devouring snails every night, having no regard to size or species. Nothing of special interest happened till the 5th September, when I noticed an empty shell of Macrochlamys stuck at the entrance of the ‘‘ dug-out” in which the Rambha larva was. I removed the shell and found that the larva had changed its position and appeared to occupy more room than it had done during the past week or two inside its ““dug-out.” It also appeared as if it had eaten the snail, the shell of which was at the opening. Up to 6th September the two larvae were in one cage. On this day after dusk the larva from Angul walked about the cage and in its wanderings it came across the en- trance to the ‘‘dug-out” of the other larva. It stopped a while at the entrance, peered into the ‘“‘dug-out”’ and on seeing a light inside, it remained quite still with the anterior portion of its body almost covering the opening. The larva in the “ dug- out’’ glowed all the time, sometimes more brightly than at others. ‘This, however, did not scare away the Angul larva, whicl, after a while, began to make its way into the “dug-ovt.’’ Pre- suming that this would terminate in one larva eating the other, I pulled the Angul larva away. The other larva had in the meantime protected itself from attack by turning its dorsal surface towards the opening of the ‘‘ dug-out,’’ thus offering a hard surface to the Angul larva in case of attack, and also barring the entrance to the ‘‘ dug-out.’’ Once pulled away the Angul larva did not further attempt to enter the abode of the other larva although the opening was left open all night. As an alternative it seized a medium-sized Achatina fulica, this being the second specimen of that species which it had eaten during the Oth. On the 7th September the Angul larva was placed in a separate cage. Onthe evening of the 8thI found the hole, in which the Ram- bha larva had been, empty. It (the larva) had changed its skin, which I afterwards discovered, was its last but one moult, and now appeared much larger. On leaving its ‘‘ dug-out’’ it went forth in search of food. I had left a medium-sized Achatima in the

24 Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XVI,

cage and it was not long before it commenced devouring it. Inside the “ dug-out’’ were pieces of its cast skin, and on the side, at the furthest end, two of the largest dorsal plates were stuck hard up against it. On the gth there were no snails left from the supply put into the cages on the 6th. On the 10th some large specimens of Achatina were put into the cages. These larvae seemed to prefer the larger snails, but if they were unable to overcome these, they readily devoured the smaller ones. At about 9 p.m. on the roth the Angul larva was observed digging a hole in the soft earth at the bottom of its cage. ‘This was accomplished by small quantities of earth being carried between the mandibles and deposited some distance away from the hole. On the first night the hole was not completed, only a slight depression having been made in which the larva passed the night and where I found it on the morning of the r1th. After sunset on the 11th both larvae walked about their cages, presumably looking for food. The Angullarva did not devour any snails, but tried either to get under a very large Achatina or to get hold of its body but the snail was too tough to allow the larva to fix its jaws in its body. The earth at the bottom of the cages appeared very dry, so I poured some water on it and as soon as the larvae found everything around them in a moist condition, they each left off what it was doing. The Angul larva’s attempts having proved unsuccessful, it gave up attacking the large Achatina and be- took itself to its pit or depression where, after cleaning its body, it retired for the night by 9.30 p.m. ‘The Rambha larva took advantage of the water in its cage and began to clean itself. On the r2th this latter larva had managed to overcome a large Achatina, which it devoured. During the night the Angul larva had dug itself well under the soft earth. This was done in precisely the same manner in which the Rambha larva had done preparatory to moulting. Nothing worthy of note took place from the 13th to the 2oth, the Rambha larva continued to eat and the Angul larva remained hidden underground. On the 2Ist morning I made a small opening on the top of the *‘ dug- out ’’? in which the Angul larva was, and I saw it still in its larval state. I covered up this opening with a tin cover so as to shut out all light. At 7.30 p.m. I uncovered the opening and found that the Angul larva had cast its larval skin and the creature now appeared almost milk white, the only visible black spots being the stigmata situated on the segment containing the luminous organs. The insect was now very sluggish and though handled a good deal with a tea-spoon, in order to secure the cast skin intact, it did not attempt to protrude its head or even move its legs. It glowed very brightly when touched. This was the pupal stage. On the 22nd the pupa was in the same state and its glow was now continuous. It remained so till the 27th when it cast its pupal skin between 3 and 4 P.M. The pupal skin is quite different to the last larval skin. The last larval skin resembles the larva exactly, both in texture

1918. | C. A. Paiva: The Indian Glow-worm. 25

and appearance, while the pupal skin is quite flimsy and trans- parent throughout. Both these skins were carefully removed and are preserved in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. After casting its pupal skin the insect became quite sluggish and did not seem affected by being handled. It did not attempt to walk. It lay quietly on its side and glowed only when touched or when any loud noise was made. Its glow, however, did not last long. The Rambha larva continued to eat snails from the 23rd to the 27th, until it gradually decreased its food to a single snail a night. It now refused to touch even the smallest snail. At about 6-15 p.M. on the 28th the insect from Angul, which had now been transformed into an adult female Lamprophorus emerged from its ‘‘dug-out’’ and took up its position near one of the sides of the cage. Here it lay slightly on one side and turned up the posterior end of its body and glowed very brightly. Ona light being shone on its cage the glow of the insect gradually died out and it com- menced to walk round the cage. It made several attempts to get out of the cage, but finding no exit, it tried to get under a stone in the vain hope of finding an opening there. Seeing it so restless I placed the cage on an exposed window sill. Had there been any males of its species flying in the neighbourhood they would ce:tainly have been attracted to the cage by its bright glow, although the moon was shining brightly and the skies were clear. On the morning of the 2gth the female had got under a tin cover which was placed in the cage, and remained there for the rest of the day. Its milky colour had now changed to a very pale ochraceous on the middle of the first nine dorsal seg- ments, the margins of which were pale yellow. The dorsal plates now appeared more flat than rounded. The ventral surface remained creamy white. ‘The adult female cleans itself in the same manner as does the larva. Up to the rath October the female had walked about the cage every night exhibiting its light at intervals in different parts of the cage. On one occasion I opened the door of the cage and it immediately walked out. After going a short distance it stopped, turned up the posterior end of its body and began to glow very brightly. Having glowed for a few minutes it attempted to go further off, but I put it back into its cage and it kept on glowing at various parts of the cage. It ate nothing, although a number of snails were placed in the cage. A little water was put in the tin cover in the cage for the snails to drink. The next morning the female was found inside the water, apparently drowned. I rescued it and placed it under the tin cover, leaving no water in the cage. It remained very quiet and listless during the day, but by evening it had revived and was walking about the cage as usual. During the night, that is the night it strayed into the water, it had layed four globular, pale yellowish eggs measuring about 3 mm.in diameter. It continued to lay eggs every night up to the 14th. In all it laid fifteen eggs. These eggs were luminous and could with ease be counted at the bottom of the cage in pitchy darkness. The luminosity of the eggs

26 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

did not appear to last for more than one night. On the afternoon of the 14th the female appeared very sluggish and apparently lifeless. Its colour too had changed to a dark brown.

The following is a description of the female taken immediately after death :—

Dark brown. Dorsal segments greatly arched, shining, faintly, transversely rugose, especially on the lateral areas; posterior margins of the abdominal segments narrowly ochraceous; some large irregular patches on the disk of the meso- and metano- tum also pale ochraceous; lateral margins of all the dorsal seg- ments narrowly shining black; a distinct, short, central, longitu- dinal carina on anterior area of pronotum which is posteriorly bifurcate, and beyond this is a narrow central longitudinal sulca- tion continued to about the metanotum; the lateral areas of each dorsal segment with some shallow pits or depressions. Legs and underside dark castaneous, with the central discal area of the abdomen brownish ochraceous; apical margins of all the abdomi- nal segments clothed with a few short stiff, spinose hairs, which are very easily broken off; underside of femora and tibae of all the legs armed with short stiff yellowish hairs; apical joint of tarsi very long, as long as or longer than the remaining joints together. Antennae composed of six joints of which the basal joint is very stout, the second joint long, longer than the remain- ing joints together; these are very short and subequal in length; some stiff hairs on the antennal joints, the most conspicuous of all being two rather long ones at the apex of the second joint, and a single, long, curved one at the inner side of the apical joint; the palps are also hairy ; jaws large, strongly curved, overlapping each other, pointed apically, black and shining on their distal half and reddish-brown on their proximal half. Eyes small, blackish, situated at the base of the antennae.

The larva from Rambha had eaten nothing for at least ten days. The earth at the bottom of its cage was damped and some water placed in a watch-glass. It was evidently very thirsty for it immediately went to the watch-glass and drank a good deal of water. During the night of the 11th October it tried to dig itself under the damp earth, but it did not make much progress. On the evening of the 12th it dug diligently for an hour or so until it made quite a deep pit. The excavated mud was carried in small quantities and placed first a little distance away from the hole and as the hole began to get deeper and the insect was able to get inside, it began to close up the entrance in the same manner as has been explained when referring to the Angul larva. It even- tually hid itself entirely from view and I left it so till the 24th October when I noticed a change had commenced to take place. The larva had begun to cast its final larval skin, but this it did in a very awkward and certainly unusual manner, for insect larvae do not, as a rule, cast their skins piece-meal. First the three dorsal plates of the thorax were cast off, then the first dorsal plate of the abdomen and so on till all the dorsal plates had been

1918. |] Cc. A. Paiva: The Indian Glow-worm. 25)

got rid of. It seemed greatly affected when any light shone on it. On the 25th morning the ventral plates still appeared to be uncast. Something seemed to have gone wrong with this creature as it lay on its back till the 28th, glowing very gently when exposed to view, either during the day or at night, but its moult was not completed. On the 29th it had discoloured altogether and had no resemblance, as far as colouration was concerned, to the pupa of the Angul insect. Its glow even began to be very irregular and faint. It was still limp and I took it out of its “ dug-out.” Several pieces of its larval skin still adhered to its ventral surface, especially over the stigmata. This probably caused asphyxia and the creature eventually died. I cannot assign any other reason for its death. It had lived under the same conditions as the larva from Angul, in fact it had been so well fed that it grew to an enormous size and prior to its leaving off eating it looked almost cylindrical. From the very beginning this larva seemed to have had some difficulty in ridding itself of its skin when moulting. At its last but one moult its larval skin was cast pieceemeal, whereas in the case of the Angul specimen the larval and pupal skins were cast intact.

A point worthy of note is that I had never observed these larvae to glow during the day if undisturbed, though kept, for the most part, in a semi-dark room. The admission of strong sunlight did not even affect them, but any sound, however slight, caused them to glow immediately. After dusk the larva, when in the ‘‘ dug-out,”’ glowed continuously all night and the rays of light passing through the opening of the ‘‘ dug-out”’ diverged to a great extent, reminding one of the rays of a search- light, for any object coming within these rays was enormously magnified. With regard to the glowing of the larva there is a difference in the use of the luminous organ when the creature is in the open and when it is in a hole. In the former condition it glows with both its luminous organs if it apprehends any danger, but in the latter state it only glows with that part which is upper- most and in a line with the opening of the ‘‘ dug-out,’’ the light being sufficiently strong to be seen at a great distance. The terminal sucker has been said to serve as an organ of locomotion, an organ of respiration, and an organ accessory to feeding. Of the first two there may be no doubt, but I have never seen a larva smear its head with any secretion preparatory to attacking a snail. Mr. C. J. Gahan says, ‘‘It is well known that Lampyrid larvae use the terminal sucker to clean their heads and limbs from the slime of the snail after having fed on the latter.’’ This, which seems to be its chief use, 1 have explained fully on page 22. The luminous organ, as far as I have been able to observe, is used chiefly as a means of defence in the larva and as a means to attract the males in the adult female ‘These larvae belong to that group of Malacoderms in which the female is larviform and the male is winged. Thelight emitted by these insects, both males and females, is not intermittent, but a bright steady glow. In that

28 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI, 1918.]

group in which the light is intermittent and subject to rapid dimu- nitions and increase of brilliancy, the males and females are both winged and are our true “‘ fire-flies,’ which are generally seen in swarms.

Another very interesting point is the manner in which these glow-worms bury themselves underground. In both the specimens I had in captivity I noticed that they began digging at the middle of the cage. As soon as the insect got well underground it closed up the hole by which it entered and which had been used to throw out the excavated mud; it then gradually enlarged the burrow and extended it towards the further end of the cage until it met with an obstacle, in this case the wooden frame of the cage, which pre- vented further progress in a straight line. On meeting with this obstacle, the excavation was continued for a short distance to the left along the frame-work of the cage, where a comparatively large compartment was made, large enough to hold the insect in comfort and to allow perfect freedom of movement. Once the insect enclosed itself in this ‘‘ dug-out” all light was shut out as no opening was visible. For the purpose of observation I made openings in the ‘‘ dug-out”’ of both specimens and kept the light out by covering these openings with tin covers. From the fore- going observatiens I am inclined to believe that these insects, being entirely nocturnal in habits, dig burrows in which they spend their lives, resting in them during the day and coming out only at dusk in search of food. In captivity, when there is no hole for them to hide in during the day, they invariably seek some dark corner of the cage and partially bury their heads either at the side of the cage or alongside some object such as a stone or even a large shell. In these burrows they must also change their larval and pupal skins; but when the time for pupation arrives these burrows must be extended for some distance, the female or even the male must find its way out by making a fresh opening. These burrows must also be used by the females for resting during the day, for the Angul specimen always went back to its shelter under the tin cover and remained there all day, only coming out after dusk.

I have compared the full-grown larva and the adult female which I have successfully bred from it, with larvae and females ot various species of Malacoderms from various localities in the collec- tion of the Zoological Survey of India and I find that my specimens agree with those of Lamprophorus tenebrosus (Wlk.) collected by Drs. N. Annandale and F. H. Gravely in Ceylon. This species, besides being known from Ceylon, has also been recorded from Pondi- cherry; Dharwar, ‘‘taken during the rains”; Madura; all re- corded by Gorham, Among the unnamed Malacoderms in the col- lection of the Zoological Survey of India there is a male Lampro- phorus collected by Dr. N. Annandale, at Balugaon, Puri district, Orissa (21-30-vii-1913). This specimen agrees exactly with males of L. tenebrosus from Ceylon in the above collection.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Larva of Lamprophorus tenebrosus (W1k.). Fic. 1.—Full-grown larva. 2.—Head from above (enlarged). 3.—Left mandible, dorsal view (enlarged).

”

4.—Left maxilla, ventral view (enlarged). 5.—Labium, ventral view (enlarged). 6.—Hypopharynx, ventral view (enlarged). 7.—Mentum, ventral view (enlarged). 8.—Submentum, ventral view (enlarged).

REC. IND. MUS., VOL. XVI, 1919.

Plate VIII.

WHY ANN ANY

a \%

D. Bagchi del.

LARVA OF LAMPROPHORUS TENEBROSUS, Walk.

a) fel dike ate en : ae a hay i

i. oe aa, oe a wo * , :

Rit Sot NED ASN. LE AsN UD Pal AGNEASRolgAG NEO:

By R. H. WuitrenHouse, M.Sc., Professor of Zoology, Govern- ment College, Lahore.

(With Plate XI.)

INTRODUCTION.,

Until the present time the land planarians of India have been almost entirely neglected, while the Ceylon forms have been the subject of considerable attention ; but it is hoped that the begin- ning thus made will develop into a comprehensive treatment of these animals which flourish abundantly in all parts where mois- ture is plentiful.

It was only to be expected that most of the collection would prove to be new; planarians, both land and freshwater, are strikingly local especially the latter ; dry areas of any great extent prove complete barriers to their dispersal.

Previous records of Indian land planarians are rare, incom- plete and uncertain. Brpalium smithi (v. Graff) is described, but with no figure, in von Graff’s ‘‘ Monographie der Turbellarien— Landplanarien’’ 1899 and references are made there also to some three or four others which, however, must be regarded as doubtful. Reference might be made to the so-called Bipalium ferudpoorense (EK. P. Wright) and it is conjectured by Bell that Ferudpoor is a mis-spelling for Firozpur in the Punjab; but this is most un- likely, since Firozpur is in one of the driest and hottest parts of India, and scarcely a place likely to yield land planarians.

The following account is purely systematic, but it is hoped before long to begin anatomical details of the various forms. a work which will do much to clear up any doubtful points; for colour patterns are frequently variabie, often due to the age of the specimens. At present it would be unsafe to make any general conclusions regarding distribution ; what is known in each case is stated when dealing with each species.

Bipalium proserpina (Humbert). (Plate x hfs. 1 to-10)

Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZEV 224%; ZEV 5793; ZEV BEok ‘ ZEV 6709 ° ZEV CS ZEV soe = ZEV Bice ts ZEV co This planarian was previously reported from Ceylon only, but its distribution is now found to be quite extensive in India, speci- mens having been taken at Tenmalai, Maddathoray (Travancore)

30 Records of the Indian Museum. [Wor Vie

and Cochin in Southern India, North Bengal, Lebong and Kur- seong in the Eastern Himalayas, Naini Tal in Kumaon, Western Himalayas as well asin Ceylon. The specimen from Lebong may be doubtful since it is headless, but the trunk markings are characteristic of B. proserpina, and the doubt is lessened by the fact that the planarian fauna of the Eastern Himalayas is known to include this species. Thus B. proserpina will probably prove to be one of the most widely distributed land planarians in India.

The species has been fully described by v. Graff in his mono- graph and repetition is unnecessary; however, an interesting feature of those collected is the extent of the variation of the colour pattern apart from the mere differences of shade. The typical colouration exhibits a pair of closely approximated central black stripes, which on the head expand into a crescentic patch broken only by a middle club-shaped extension of the thin pale stripe which separates the median black lines; and a prominent black band extending from the ‘neck’ and following the edge of the trunk to the extremity (fig. I).

The variations involve such changes in the typical pattern as follow :

The median lines may coalesce into a single broad band; associated with this, the central club-shaped expansion on the head remains, though it may be reduced (fig 2).

The same two lines may be quite faintly shown, and indicated only as broken lines; with this variation, the head pattern remains characteristic (fig. 3).

The median lines may be absent, and in this case the dark crescentic head patch appears as an unbroken tract (fig. 4).

In some cases the median stripes may be more strongly marked than the laterals (fig. 5).

The lateral bands may vary in breadth and usually are stronger when the median ones are weaker; and vice versa.

The lateral bands may be split along their whole length to form a pair on each side (fig. 6).

As regards the head pattern, the crescentic patch may be only faintly indicated (figs. 7, 8); and in one specimen with coalesced central lines, a forked design is produced, owing to the median lighter piece opening out anteriorly (fig. 9).

Pelmatoplana sarasinorum (v. Graff). (Plate 21 figs 11 aiider2,)

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV 562°.

Dr. Gravely records that a specimen of this animal from Ceylon was very dark above and paler beneath, with a dark mid-dorsal line. The preservative has doubtless removed some pigment and has also caused strong contraction of the body so that the dorsal surface has become concave; this latter feature is, however, undoubtedly not natural, the animal, in life, being practically cylindrical.

1918. ] R. H. WurItEHOUSE: Indian Land Planarians. 31

Its characters agree closely with v. Grafi’s specimens collected by M. Sarasin in 1883 in Ceylon. It is only half the size of the largest of those described by v. Graff, measuring about 36 mm. in length, and is unfortunately broken into two pieces. The upper side is brownish with a paler area along each side of the mid-dorsal line; the characteristically narrow ambulacral surface extends to “ the extreme anterior end round which are the fairly numerous eyes.

Bipalium smithi (v. Graff).

(Plate XI, figs. 13 and 14.)

Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZHV £82; ZERV *792: W 23 - W 24,

Historically, the most interesting land planarian collected in India is B. smitht, since it was the first described from this country with any degree of_certainty. The other few mentioned previous to 1914 were all vaguely described, and the accounts are practically useless. However, though he did not figure B. smitht, v. Graff describes it in his monograph and I have myself examined the specimen in the British Museum.

The species has, I believe, been found at least four times since ; in its original home by Lord Carmichael and Dr. Gravely at Darjiling, and once by Major Bennett at Lebong in the same district.

The British Museum specimen measures 60 mm. in length, but the specimens found since are somewhat smaller; the measure- ments of the largest complete specimen are :—

Length of the body ae 21.) {AS ata Ts, Breadth of the body Pee: aS 6 mm. Breadth of the head lobe 3) ag Wiha Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. 2mm. Thickness of the body .. 3 mm. Position of the mouth from the an-

terior end . Ree Macha Position of the genital opening from

the anterior So e Saery) QOyin mE

The specimen from Yebong is much larger, though incomplete, and is probably longer than the British Museum specimen.

The dorsal colour is variable; the deeper layers of the skin contain a bluish-black pigment which is usually masked by a brown colour on the surface closely resembling a mucus, and which is undoubtedly more pronounced in spirit preserved specimens, Thus there may be a predominence of one or the other-of these colours and frequently a somewhat patchy appearance is shown. The best preserved specimen is distinctly dark, mostly blutsh- black, but paler on the head. The eyes form a diffuse black rim to the edge of the head lobe.

Ventrally, the colour is definitely characteristic; it is light brown except for the ambulacral surface which, along the centre, is creamish brown, while each side has a bluish-green tinge.

32 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOLs Vee

Bipalium floweri (v. Graff). (Plate XI, figs. 15 and 16).

Indian Museum Collection” Nos) ZEV £222; | ZijV e222. ZEV £705,

This is one of the larger land planarians of Ceylon; it was first collected by Mr. KE. E. Green at Punduloya, Rambodda, and the specimen is now in the British Museum.

It has again been found by Dr. Gravely in Pattipola and on the Horton Plains at an altitude of 7,000 ft. One of the Patti- pola specimens is the largest yet collected, being 78 mm. long and 8 min. broad.

The dorsal head pattern is characteristic; a prominent black band follows the periphery of the head lobe and parallel to this band is an orange stripe, which in turn is followed by another dark band which passes gradually into the dark brown colour of the trunk; the trunk colouring lacks pattern and is an even dark muddy brown.

Ventrally, the general surface is somewhat paler than the dorsal side, especially on the head; the latter has a thin dark line at the extreme edge terminating at the angle of the lappets. The ambulacral surface is cream coloured and at the anterior end its raised central portion is a distinct light brown.

Dolichoplana feildeni (v. Graff). (Plate Xi fiess17 aud 16:)

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £722.

This species is most interesting from the fact that it is an exception to the general rule that land planarians are local in distribution, having been taken in Java, Ceylon and the Barba- does. As v. Graff remarks, except for Placocephalus kewensts, which is cosmopolitan, it is the only land planarian that is found in the Oriental and Neotropical regions. It was previously re- corded from Ceylon having been collected by Mr. E. E. Green and preserved in the British Museum.

The Indian Museum specimens, collected by Dr. Gravely, were taken at Peradeniya, Ceylon, in June 1910; they are about the same size as Green’s specimens, measuring about 47 mm. in length and 3 mm. broad: the Javanese specimens are said to attain even a length of 300 mm. in the living condition, though the same individuals shrink to 77 mm. when preserved. It is therefore safe to assume that the Ceylon forms are capable of an extension to150 mm. ‘he species is described as being extremely active, exhibiting excessive contractions in its movements.

There is some variety in the general colour; the Javanese type is said to be yellowish while those from Ceylon are, at least in the preserved state, dark brown, though in life the same animal may be distinctly light coloured. Six longitudinal black stripes are distinguishable; a pair of median lines, very closely approxi-

1918. ] R. H. Wurrenouse: Indian Land Planarians. 33

mated and very fine; and two pairs of lateral stripes, the inner pair of which are much the strongest of all. Ventrally, the brown colour is continued from the dorsal side, except for the ambulacral surface which is grey; in light coloured varieties this contrasts with the general surface as darker, but where the brown pigment is is marked, the ambulacral surface appears lighter in contrast.

Bipalium diana (Humbert). (Plate XI, figs. 19 and 20).

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £722.

Three specimens of this species, one only of which is complete, were collected by Dr. Gravely at Peradeniya, Ceylon. They are typical forms corresponding exactly with those already recorded from the same and other localities in Ceylon by a number of observers.

Dorsally, it is brownish-grey with mottlings of black; a closely approximated median pair of black lines runs the whole length of the body, expanding on the head to a crescentic marking ; the pale stripe of ground colour between the median lines swells out to a club-shaped form on the middle of the head. The extreme edge of the head lobe is black with numerous eyes and the band between them and the black patch is devoid of mottling.

On the ventral side, the colour is grey with a cream ambula- cral surface having a light brown centre.

The species is easy to recognize in older specimens, though in the young forms it is said to have lateral dark bands along the body, which are lost in older animals,

Bipalium giganteum (Whitehouse).

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV “%87.

Previously recorded from Dibrugarh, Assam, this species was again taken in N.E. Assam at Tezpore by Major T. E. Spragge White. The tube contained three broken pieces of a specimen which is however still incomplete.

Bipalium andrewesi, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 21 and 22.)

Only a single specimen of this attractive planarian was taken by Mr. Andrewes on the western slopes of the Nilgiri Hills at an altitude of 2000-3000 ft. in August 1911. In build, the animal is small and sturdy with a comparatively small head lobe. Its measurements are as follows :—

Length of the body = Wap a LOpUnIT: Breadth of the body - pe onirs) s00lh ool Breadth of the head lobe ey 4 mm.

Breadth of the ambulacralsurface .. I mm.

34 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL..viy

Position of the mouth from anterior end a ts Ae 6 mim. Position of the genital opening not distinguishable.

The general ground colour of the dorsal side is a dark reddish- brown, though the markings upon it cover the greater part of the surface. ‘Three longitudinal black stripes run from the ‘ neck’ to the posterior extremity, a median broad band and a pair of less broad laterals at the edge of the body; all unite at the ‘ neck’ in a narrow black transverse band. ‘The head is slightly paler than the brown of the trunk, with a crescentic black band, which normally is probably continuous across the head, though in the specimen examined it is interrupted on the left side. The eyes are arranged along the extreme edge of the head lobe.

Ventrally, the animal is a dull drab brown, with a darker shade at the outer edge and also next to the ambulacral surface ; this latter is very pale with a darker central stripe. The under side of the head is paler than the other parts and has a dark crescentic band corresponding to the black mark above.

Cotyloplana nilgiriense, n. sp. (Plate! XT) fig.-23): Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £622

This is the second member of the genus to be found in India, and was taken in the Nilgiri Hills along with Bipalium andrewest.

The measurements of the larger of the two specimens are :—

Length of the body me (about) 12 mm. Breadth of the body ue Be eine 00900: Position of the mouth from anterior

end be pe Shee SOs, Position of the genital aperture from

the anterior end : g mm.

Breadth of the aebalacral arraee (about) ‘5 mm.

Above and below the creature is of a greyish colour with touches of brown in parts; dorsally there is a single median black line passing from one extremity to the other and tapering suddenly at the head, which is somewhat lighter in colour. Round the anterior extremity of the ventral surface of the head is a slightly raised and tairly thick ‘‘lip,” forming a type of sucker charac- teristic of the genus. The ambulacral surface is very narrow, appearing only as a pale line along the ventral side.

Bipalium brunneus, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 24-26.) Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZEV *%72; ZEV £525. This handsome planarian was collected at Bagarkote in Kumaon in the Western Himalayas, and in the Cochin State,

1918. | R. H. WHITEHOUSE: /ndian Land Planarians. 35

S. India; it must therefore have a wide distribution in India and will probably be found in many other districts eventually.

The following description refers in particular to No. ZEV #°2 from Bagarkote at an altitude of 3,000 ft. which is the largest specimen.

Length of the body : ch. = OuaANA: Greatest breadth of the body ey Ost, Thickness of the body .. eae apes hl Breadth of the head lobe ae eOrnatid, Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. 3 min: Position of mouth from the anterior

end ey erinlaan Position of the genital opening from

the anterior aad 3 AB mouaale

The ground colour of the dorsal surface is a warm rusty brown with three longitudinal dark stripes, a mediau and a pair of laterals. The median stripe is prominent and jet black, extendinz from the extreme anterior to the posterior extremity, and widening slightly above the pharyngeal and genital regions. The lateral stripes are of diffuse black pigment and broader than the median, extending from the ‘ neck’ to the posterior end of the body. The eyes are closely packed to form a thin jet black line round the edge of the head lobe; they are also found distributed generally over the head region.

The ventral surface, except for the creeping area, is a dull rusty brown with a greyish outer edge along the whole length but not sharply marked off from the brown, The ambulacral surface is purplish-grey, the middle being raised into a ridge; the mouth and genital openings are prominent and from them respectively protrude the frilled pharynx and genital organ.

The other specimen differs in minor particulars.

No. ZEV ©°25 from near the Forest Tramway in Cochin State at an altitude of 300 ft. is 17 mm. long and its dorsal colouring is of the same pattern as that of the specimen described above, with the following exceptions: The lateral bands are jet black and not diffused ; the median line ends in a club-shaped expansion on the head, which is otherwise pale. These differences are such as may be met with in young specimens; it is characteristic of land plana- rians that stripes tend to disappear with age, a feature constantly illustrated in the case of Bipalium diana.

Pelmatoplana rotunda, n. sp. (Plate XI, fig. 27).

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV °°" B.

One specimen of this Geoplanid was procured along with Bipahium brunneus at Bagarkote in Kumaon, Western Himalayas, at an altitude of 3,000 ft., in June Ig14.

The animal is small and very blunt at each end; in transverse section it is almost circular. Its measurements are:—

36 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

Length of the body a3 ees espiaaace, Breadth of the body 4 oe ests iiatiae Thickness of the body .. Selec soy alle Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. I mm. Position of the mouth from anterior

end xc Re ae Ger aab aul Position of genital opening from an-

terior end.. ee else ee dadtaar

The dorsal coloration is an even moderately light brown covering a deeper black pigment. The ventral surface is slightly darker except for the very prominent ambulacral surface, which is white with a fairly dark median line, and which extends from one extremity to the other. The eyes could not be distinguished with certainty, though on one side there is a somewhat paler circular patch in the middle of which one of a pair of eyes may be situated.

Bipalium splendens, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 29-31.)

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV °°"; ZEV 275, This beautiful planarian is found at Kurseong in the Eastern

Himalayas and Cherrapungi in Assam; the measurements of the larger specimen are as follows :—

Length of the body ie ihe QO gmat Breadth of the body : meter syn edvae™ Breadth of the head lobe Sep easy Saab en).

Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. rT mm, Position of the mouth from anterior

end mire ice 45 mm. Position of genital aperture from an- terior end .. ae -. 54mm.

The upper surface is flat while the lower is slightly arched; the head is flat and small being only a little wider than the ‘ neck ’ and narrower than the greater part of the trunk, the body tapers gradualiy towards the posterior end. Judging from the wrinkling of the body in the preseved animal, it would appear capable of considerably greater extension in life.

The colour pattern on the upper side of the trunk consists of three longitudinal jet black lines, one median, and a pair of laterals, at the extreme edge of the body, on a ground colour which differs in the two specimens, in one a creamish yellow and in the other chestnut brown; at the pharyngeal region the median line widens to double its ordinary width, and a slight thickening also occurs over the genital region. The lateral lines, narrower than the median, cease at the ‘ neck,’ while the median one expands into a knob-like termination on the head. The whole of the upper side of the head has a deeper shade than the rest of the body

r918.] R.H. Wuirenouse: Indian Land Planarians. 377

The eyes are not numerous and are placed round the edge of the head lobe rather more to the ventral side.

Ventrally, the ground colour is similar to that of the dorsal side; the ambulacral surface is pale yellow, and on each side of it is a diffused black line, extending from the ‘ neck’ to the extreme posterior, the under side of the head is a little darker towards the outer edge.

Pelmatoplana himalayense, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 32-34).

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV °742; ZEV #997; ZEV £594: ZEN Sto ZV 8737,

This species is represented by three specimens, only one of which, collected by Dr. F. H. Gravely, is well preserved ; the other two were the first to be found, on 15th July 1907, at Kurseong, E. Himalayas, while Dr. Gravely’s specimen was taken in the same district between Darjiling and Soom on 14th June rota. All were taken at an altitude of 5,000-7,000 ft.

The animal is a comparatively fragile creature, beautifully marked in black and brown stripes and of the usual Geoplanid form. The measurements are approximations only, since the ani- mal is much coiled and liable to break if uncoiling were attempted.

Length of body a 2 ZB ata Breadth of body Bi. 4 mm. Breadth of ambulacral surface my I mm.

Position of the mouth, about half-way along the body.

Position of the genital opening, from mid-way to two- thirds the distance from the mouth to the posterior extremity.

The colour pattern consists of five jet black longitudinal bands alternate with four narrow stripes of a median brown coloar ; of the black bands, the median is the broadest, the inner lateral somewhat narrower, while the outer lateral, at the edge of the body, is but a thin line. All the brown stripes are of similar width. As the anterior end is reached, the black bands gradually acquire a more or less equal strength and end abruptly and evenly at the posterior border of a brown collar encircling the neck region. From the collar forwards the head is of a dark grey colour, sufficiently dark as to make it impossible to distinguish the presence or absence of eyes.

Ventrally, the colour is similar to the brown of the dorsal side, except for the ambulacral surface, which is white and slightly protuberant.

Bipalium sylvestre, n. sp. (Plate XI, fig. 35 and 36).

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV ££25B. This planarian, of which one specimen only was taken in the Cochin State near the Forest Tramway, is a very dark form and

38 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vors 2a,

only at the anterior portion can the markings be followed. ‘The measurements are :—

Length of the body < + 50 nant. Breadth of the body Fe ca Sy tiata. Breadth of the head lobe ae 6 mm. Breadth of the ambulacral surface .. 2 min. Position of the mouth from anterior

end i 3 28 min.

Position of the genital opening not visible.

The colour of the dorsal surface is a very dark brown; three longitudinal black lines are present, a median thin line reaching to the ‘neck’ and a pair of broader lateral lines at the edge of the body. These laterals are continued round the contour of the head a little removed from the edge and thickest near the lappets. On the head and alongside the lateral bands is a black mottling.

Ventrally, the colour is a warm brown at the outer edge, gradually becoming paler as the ambulacral surface is reached; the latter is pale with a brown central line throughout its length, and it ends abruptly at the ‘neck.’ The under side of the head is darker than the rest of the ventral surface.

Pelmatoplana maculosa, n. sp.

(Plate XI, figs. 37 and 38).

Indian Museum Collection No. ZEV £7°5B. One specimen only of this planarian was found by Dr. Gravely at Pattipola, Ceylon. Its measurements are :—

Length of the body ie oe els aii Breadth of the body oe gem Sys uch eal Breadth of ambulacral surface, about °75 mm. Position of mouth from anterior end 23 mm, Position of genital opening from an-

terior end .. ne ae ve OL tim:

The ground colour of both the dorsal and ventral sides must, strictly speaking, be regarded as a warm brown with heavy black mottlings on the dorsal surface. The mottling, however, is so dense as to make the dorsal colouring more easily described as black with irregular small brown splashes; these markings are dendritic, with a tendency to parallel arrangement with numerous cross connections. Extending from one extremity to the other is a median thin brown line, that is, a narrow portion of the grouud colour uninterrupted by black pigment. .The black marking is_ practically continuous on each side of the median stripe and also at each side of the body where the colouring of the dorsal and ventral surfaces is sharply marked off. No eyes can be distinguished.

The ambulacral surface is pale and narrow, about one-fifth the width of the body, extending to both extremities; it is grooved throughout its length, with a darker pigment at the bottom of the

1918.} R. H. Wurrenouse: Indian Land Planarians. 39

groove, though it is difficult to say how much this may be due to the effect of the preservative.

Pelmatoplana striata, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 39-41). Indian Museum Collection No, ZEV£702

Two specimens of this planarian were taken by Dr. Annandale at Maddathoray in Travancore from beneath rotten wood in the jungle in October 1908; both specimens are of about equal size, measuring 42 mm. in length and 5 mm. in breadth; the ambulacrai surface is very narrow being less than a millimetre broad. Neither the mouth nor the genital opening can be seen probably owing to the fact that there is a groove running along the middle of the ambulacral area, and the apertures being situated at the bottom are invisible. However, the pharyngeal swelling, 20 mm. from the anterior end. would place the mouth at about half way along the ventral side, with the genital opening not far away. No eyes can be distinguished.

The general colour is a rather pale grey brown; six longitu- dinal dark stripes run from end to end; (I) a pair of closely approximated lines separated only by an extremely thin pale line; they are jet black and prominent; (2) an inner lateral, and (3) an outer lateral line on each side of equal strength and not much darker than the ground colour. Between the middle pair and the inner laterals is a pale creamy white area. Ventrally the colour is similar to the general colour of the dorsal side, except for the pale narrow ambulacral surface, which extends to both extremities.

Bipalium indica, n. sp. (Plate XI, figs. 42 and 43.)

Indian Museum Collection Nos. ZEV #582; ZEHV £885; ZEV 2705; ZEV 2728; ZEV 1282.

This planarian has been found in Calcutta and at Coimbatoire in Southern India; it appears to be the commonest land planarian in the Calcutta district, and it will no doubt be found to have a somewhat extensive distribution in this country.

From the number of specimens collected, the length of the body may be put down as from 30 mm. to 40 mm. and the breadth from 3 mm. to 5 mm.; the head lobe is a little wider than the trunk; the mouth is situated about half the distance along the body, and the genital opening roughly half way between the mouth and the posterior extremity.

The dorsal colouration varies in different animals and in different parts of the same animal from a pale biscuit brown to a darkish dull brown; sometimes the body is distinctly patchy but usually the colour is even. There is an indication of a median pale stripe, but it is usually no more than an indication, except in

40 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI, rg18.]

dark specimens, since it becomes lost in the general colour ; at the ‘neck ’ however it is always well marked owing to the presence in this region of dark pigment in the form of an indefinite band with which the median stripe contrasts strongly. The dorsal side of the head is pale and numerous eyes can easily be distinguished along the edge; the eyes axe also crowded at the * neck.’

Ventrally, the colour is similar to the dorsal side, though usually paler; the ambulacral surface is white

=e oe <e

cae:

cae

se ie

> eee.

EXPLANATION OF PEATE cE

Fics. 1-9.—Bipalium proserpina. Variations in head and trunk

Pic:

+)

3)

markings; Fig. 1 typical pattern.

10.—Bipalium proserpina. Ventral surface in the region of the mouth. The dark edge to the central pale am- bulacral surface is not always marked.

11.—Pelmatoplana sarasinorum, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end.

12.—Pelmatoplana sarasinorum, X 2. Ventral view of the atiterior end.

13.—Bipalium smitht, nat. size. Dorsal view of the entire animal.

14.—Bipalium smithi, nat. size. Ventral view of a portion of the trunk. Ambulacral surface cream, bordered with pale transparent green; rest rusty brown.

15.—Bipalium flowert, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior

end.

16.—Bipahum flowert, X 2. Ventral view of the anterior end.

17.—Dolichoplana feildent, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end.

18.—Dolichoplana feildem, X 2. Ventral view of a portion of the trunk.

19.—Bipalium diana, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end. The lighter area round the median lines is not always present.

20.—Bipalium diana, X* 2. Ventral view of the anterior end.

21.—Bipalium andrewest, X 2. Dorsal view of the entire animal.

22.—Bipalium andrewest, X 2. Ventral view of the anterior end.

23.—Cotyloplana nilgiriense, X 2. Dorsal view of the entire animal.

23u. Cotyloplana nilgiriense, X 2. Ventral view of the an- terior end.

24.—Bipalium brunneus, nat. size. Dorsal view of the an- terior end.

25.—Bipalium brunneus, nat size. Ventral view of the an- terior end.

26.—Bipalium brunneus, nat. size. Dorsal pattern of the trunk.

REC. IND. MUS: VOL. XVI, 1918: PLATE XI.

s f

Prag re i ® ~

lil

2 3 4 6 7

39 36

R. H. Whitehouse, del. Photo.-enzraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1918.

INDIAN LAND PLANARIANS.

Fic. 27.—-Pelmatoplana rotunda, X 2. Ventral view of the entire

animal.

29.—Bipalium splendens, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end,

30.—Bipalium sblendens, X 2. Dorsal pattern of the trunk in the region of the pharynx.

31.—Bipalium splendens, X 2. Ventral view of the trunk.

32.—Pelmatoplana himalayense, X 3. Dorsal view of the an terior end.

33-—Pelmatoplana himalayense, X 2. Dorsal pattern of the trunk.

34.—Pelmatoplana himalayense, nat. size. Ventral view of part of the trunk.

35.—Bipalium sylvestre, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end.

36.—Bipalium sylvestre, X 2. Ventral view of the anterior end.

37.—Pelmatoplana maculosa, nat. size. Dorsal view of the anterior end.

38.—-Pelmatoplana maculosa, nat. size. Ventral view of the anterior end.

39.—Pelmatoplana striata, nat. size. Dorsal view of the anterior end.

40.—Pelmatoplana striata. Details of the dorsal pattern of the trunk.

41.—Pelmatoplana striata, nat. size. Ventral view of the an- terior end.

42.—Bipalium indica, X 2. Dorsal view of the anterior end.

43.—Bipalium indica, X 2. Ventral view of the portion of the trunk.

[Vi SLU Dil E'S- "ON = EN Po SiOsRtE AY air. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF HOLOPHRYA, EHRBG.

By EKENDRANATH GHOosH, M.Sc., M.D.

The genus Holophrya, Ehrbg. may be briefly diagnosed as follows :—Infusoria with cylindrical to spherical body entirely and uniformly covered with cilia arranged in close meridional rows. Cytostome antero-terminal or rarely slightly lateral, rounded or rarely slit-like. Cytopharynx generally present and without rod- apparatus, absent in a few species. Macronucleus one, sometimes two or numerous macronuclei. C.V. one or more, then either scattered or arranged in longitudinal rows. Division by transverse fission. Free-swimming, freshwater and marine.

The above diagnosis does not include the species H. mutlti- filiis considered by Schewiakoff (5) to belong to this genus. Being parasitic and having a complicated life-history, it is left in a genus of its own under the name Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Fouquet.

Holophrya bengalensis, sp. nov.

The species may be diagnosed thus :—Cylindrical with rounded ends, slightly stouter posteriorly ; the cilia are long. Cytostome small and circular, at anterior end; cytopharynx absent ; macronucleus broadly fusiform and placed in the middle of the body near oneside; C.V. single, subterminal, placed close to one side. Tength 0°075 mm.; breadth 0°037 mm.

A single specimen was found in vege- table infusion.

Holophrya annandalei, sp. nov.

The species may be diagnosed as follows :—Cylindrical, rounded at both ends, three times longer than broad ; cytostome antero-terminal and circular fie. 1.—Holophrya bengalen- in outline; cytopharynx a slight de- sis, Sp. nov. pression; ciliary striae faint; macro- nuclei two in number and spherical in shape, one placed in the middle on one side and the other towards the anterior end. C.V. single, placed at the junction of the anterior and middle third of the body on one side. Length o'15 to 0°22 mm.

42 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

Several specimens were found in a vegetable infusion. Un-

fortunately the drawing of the animal is lost.

The species of Holophrya may be tabulated in the following

synopsis :—

a. Numerous C.V., one postero-terminal and others in 1-2 longitudinal rows. a!, 2 longitudinal rows of C.V.; macronucleus oval. bl, One ‘longitudinal row of C.V.; macronucleus

tibbon-shaped ; body oval d

aN ve one or 2, postero- -terminal or not.

CaAVevone:

a, C.V. central; a tuft of long cilia round the mouth; macronucleus elongated and curved

62. C.V. placed at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the body on one side; macronuclei two, spherical ; body cylindri- cal; cytopharynx a slight depression

c2, C.V. posterior. a®, Ciliary striae oblique; body ovate;

macronucleus ovate and subcentral. b*. Ciliary striae parallel to the long axis of the body.

a*, Cytostome slit-like and lateral near the anterior pole; body rounded in front and pointed behind

b+, Cytostome circular in outline and terminal or subterminal.

a>. Cytostome wide and occupying the entire truncate anterior end ae the body. . Body elongately oval ; anterior end obliquely truncate; cyto- pharynx indistinct, with a few rods ; Paeeeaelene elongated and curved 65. Body oval; macronucleus long, cylindrical and twisted 65, Cytostome not so. a®, No cytopharynx. at. Body elliptical. a®. Macronucleus elliptical or spherical; body length 0035 mm.; C.V. posterior and terminal ce bei 68, Macronucleus — horseshoe- shaped ; body length 0°105 mm. a b7, Body cylindrical ; macronu- cleus fusiform in the middle of the body and lateral ; C.V. near the Deaeige end and lateral 56, With cytopharynx. ai, Circumoral cilia always direct- ed forwards; macronucleus with a ‘‘ binnenkorper.’’ 67, Circumoral cilia not so. a3. Body elliptical or spherical ; longitugdinal striae connect- ed by transverse lines; mac- ronucleus elliptical, — with trichocysts

A. lieberkuhniz, Schout. H. coleps, Schout. (6)

? H. pogonias, Smith.

AI. annandalet, n. sp.

H. ovum, Ehrbg.

. H.heterostoma, Beardsley.

fH. tavda, Quenn. Hf. curvilata, Smith.

H. simplex, Schew.

H. indica, Bhatia (2)

H. bengalensts, n. sp.

H. atra, Svec.

H. nigricans, Lauterb.

Igo. | E. K. Guosu: Studies on Infusoria. 43

68. Body cylindrical ; no tricho- cysts; no transverse lines. a. Cytostome terminal ; cy- topharynx short and funnel-shaped. al9. Numerous macronuclei; length = 5 times the breadth 610, Single oval macronucle- us ;leneth > breadth. 6%, Cytostome lateral, near anterior pole; cytophar- ynx extending to middle of the body ; a single ellip- tical macronucleus : b'. C.V. 2, postero-lateral ; macronucleus big and oval; cytopharynx absent; body spherical to elliptical

LITERATURE.

AUR YN

Nee Se

H. oblonga, Maupas.

H,. marina, Quenn.

H. edentata, Schout.

FZ. haplostoma, Andre.

Andre.—Rev. Suiss. Zool. Vol. XXIV (1916).

Bhatia.—Rec. Ind. Mus. Vol. XII, p. 177 (1916). Hamburger and Buddenbrock.—Nordisches Plankton, 191t. Kent.—A Manual of Infusoria, 1880-1882. Schewiakoff.—Mem. Ac. St. Petersbg. Vol. VII (i), p. 115. Schouteden.—Ann. Biol. Lacustr. Vol. I, p. 389 (1906).

By F. SInvestri (Portict, Italy). (With 39 text-figures.)

The Chilopoda Geophilomorpha described up to date from India (including Burma) are the following :—

Lamnonyx spissus, Wood. Burma.

i castaneiceps, Haase. Andamans.

4 punctifrons (Newp.), from many localities. Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newp.), from many localities. Eucratonvx meinertit (Pocock). Mergui Archipelago; Burma,

etc. Himantosoma typicum, Pocock. Mergui Archipelago; Burma. 5 porosum, Pocock. Burma. Disargus striatus (Pocock). Madras. Polyporogaster indicus (Mein.). Kulu. insignis (Mein.). Kulu. > Himantaricun dortae, Pocock. Burma.

In the collection of the Indian Museum kindly sent me for examination by the Director of the Zoological Survey of India I have found specimens of 19 species or varieties, which are des- cribed in this paper with some others of the same genera or related genera of the Oriental and Malaysian regions preserved in my collection.

The rich material of the genus Lamnonyx has permitted me to make a revision of the species and related genera of the group, and has shown that L. punctifrons, Newp. from India, or at least the form considered as such by me, is restricted so far as we know to the East of South India; L. insularis (Lucas), which is distributed through tropical Africa, extends its range to W. India and in a varietal form to South Pada and Malaysia; L. maxillaris (Gerv.) is a cosmopolitan species in tropical and subtropical regions and has also been introduced into hot-houses of Europe. The remainder of the species of the genus Lamnonyx have a restricted area of distribution.

The genus Lamnonyx is represented in India by nine forms (species and varieties) out of 22 described up to date, and is a prevalent genus both for number of species and frequency of specimens.

After Lamnonyx the genera Polyporogaster and Mesocanthus have respectively three and four species in India, while the first

46 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor, Saag

has a species in North Africa and two in North-West Asia, and the second has a species in North Africa and one variety of the same represented in East Africa and West India.

The genus Himantosoma is known up to date only from India and Malaysia and Eucratonyx from India and New Britain.

Sublam. Ul CGH PLOP ALLEN ABs Geophilt maxtilares ex p. Gervais, Ann. Sc. nat. (2), VII, p. 178 (1837);

lds: Apt. IN Gapagos ( 1o4 7). Dicellophilidae, O. F. Cook, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVIII, p. 61 et

Nene ee Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst., XVIII, p. 207 (1903).

Placodesmata, Mecistocephalidae, Verhoeff, Bronn's Klass. u. Ord. Chilopoda, pp. 270, 271 {1908).

Mectstocephalidae, Brélemann, Arch. Zool. exp. (5) II], p. 307 et seq. (1909) ; Ribaut, Chilopoda, in Voyage Alluaud et Feannel en Afrique or. (IQII-1912), p. 17 (1914).

Lamina cephalica longior quam latior, pedes maxillares magna pro parte haud tegens sutura frontali discreta. Antennae plus minusve attenuatae; labrum tripartitum parte media quam late- rales multo minore plus minusve bene unidentata, partibus late- ralibus margine nudo vel ciliato (setis instructo). Mandibulae laminis pectinatis in plerisque generibus numerosis, in gen. Avrup, Chamb. duabus, instructae. Maxillae primi paris subcoxis coalitis vel linea mediana divisis, malis utrimque duabus subaequalibus, integris parte distali attenuata, plus minusve arcuata, subhyalina. Maxillae secundi paris subcoxis coalitis vel linea mediana divisae, palpo (praeter subcoxas) 4-articulato articulo quarto unguiformi vel 3-articulato ungue nullo.

Lamina basalis subtrapezoidea, angusta, partim quam lamina cephalica plus minusve angustior; lamina praebasalis indistincta. Pedes maxillares longi, bene armati, subeoxarum lineis chitineis nullis.

Segmenta pedifera suprascutellis nullis, praescutello magno, sterna antica parte postica sat longa, gradatim angustiore in seg- mento sequenti intromissa et interne a margine postico usque ad medium sternum spissitudine longitudinali chitinea antice bifurcata vel non fulcro entosternali vel furca appellata, instructa sunt; sterna omnia poris ventralibus destituta.

Segmentum ultimum pediferum subcoxis plus minusve inflatis et poris numerosis instructis, pedibus (subcoxis exclusis) 6-articu- latis, elongatis, ungue nullo.

Appendices genitales plus minusve distincte biarticulatae.

Pori anales duo.

Segmentorum numerus uniusquisque speciei constans.

Pulli ex ovo segmentorum numero adulti nascunt, segmenti praegenitalis subcoxis poris destitutis vel oe uno instructis, poris analibus magnis vel permagnis.

Familiae huic genera haec pertinent: Dicellophilus, O. F. Cook; Lamnonyx, O. F. Cook; Megethmus, O. F. Cook; Arrup,

191g.) F. Smvesrri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. AT

Chamb.; Prolamnonyx, Silv. (Tygarrup, Chamb. forsan = Dicel- lophilus, O. F. Cook.).

CONSPECTUS GENERUM.

t. Subcoxae segmenti praegenitalis (ultimi pediferi) per- magnae segmentum praecedente amplectentes .. Megethmus. Typus: MM. microporus (Haase). Luzon. 2. Subcoxae segmenti praegenitalis ad latera segmenti praecedentis haud vergentes. 3. Palpi maxillares ungue distincto instructt. 5. Lamina cephalica spina antica infera sub- laterali instructa is ... Lamnonyx. Typus : ih “punctifrons (Newp .). India. 6. Lamina eephalica spina antica infera sub- laterali destituta a ... Dicellophilus. Typus: D. limatus (Wood). 4. Palpi maxillares ungue nullo. 7. Mandibulae laminis pectinatis numerosis in- structae ; maxillae primi paris subcoxis coal- itis Pe ra ... Prolamnonyx. Typus: P. holstit, Poe. China; Japan. S. Mandibulae laminis pectinatis duabus_ in- structae ; maxillae primi paris subcoxis mediis GINISISie es i ye en ARKO: Typus: A. pylorus, Chamb. California.

ON THE FAMILY NAME HERE USED.

Newport in 1842 described the genus Mecistocephalus basing it upon the following species: (i) Meczstocephalus ferrugineus (C. Koch); (ii) M. maxillaris (Gerv.); (iii) M. punctifrons, Newp. etc. Newport did not indicate the type species of the genus, but O. F. Cook proposed to consider the first, viz. Mecistocephalus ferrugineus as the type, notwithstanding the fact that C. L,. Koch in 1847 erected the genus Pachymerium for this species. Follow- ing this rule O. F. Cook founded in 1895 the genus Lamnonyx for the reception of M. punctifrons and allied forms and the genus Dicellophilus for M. limatus (Wood) of California. On the basis of this arrangement O. F. Cook named the family Dicellophilidae from Dicellophilus. Pocock in 1898 considered M. punctifrons as the type of Mectstocephalus, after C. Koch had taken out M. ferru- gineus. Attems in 1903 refused in part to follow Cook and Pocock and considered, very wrongly, the species M. carniolensis as the type of the genus Mecistocephalus. This species was unknown to Newport, at any rate when he proposed the genus Mectstocephalus. Attems accepted the genus Lamnonyx with L. punctifrons as type species. and he therefore named the subfamily Mecistocephalinae. Verhoeff (1908), Brédlemann (1909) and Ribaut (1914) followed Attems, but gave the group family rank.

Chamberlin (1914), with Pocock in 1898, noted that M. ferru- gineus having been removed from Mectstocephalus as the type of Pachimertum, C. Koch (1847), Mecistocephaius, Newport must remain with the type species M. punctifrons and not M. carniolensis , which was not included by Newport in the list.

48 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

I prefer in similar cases to follow the view of Cook, assuming as type of the genus the first species ascribed to it by the author of the genus; in my opinion, therefore, Mecistocephalus, Newport has M. ferrugineus as type species and cannot be included in this family, which takes its name from another genus proposed by

Cook, viz. Dicellophilus.

ON THE CHARACTERS FOR DISTINCTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

In this family good characters for the distinction of the genera are the form of the maxillary palps, the presence or absence of a spine on the underside of the anterior sublateral region of the epicra- nium, and the development of the subcoxae of the pregenital seg- ment. I couid not find any basis for the distinction of genera in the form of the teeth of the pectinate laminae of the mandibles, nor in the presence or absence of setae on the lateral parts of the labrum. Such characters have been retained as of great importance in the distinction of species, together with that of the relative length of the head, the number and form of the teeth of the maxillipedes, the form of the sternal furca, of the sternum and the number of pori on the subcoxae of the pregenital segment.

I note that the relative length of the epicranium has its value, but not an absolute value, because it appears to me to be variable in some degree and sometimes very variable on account of mutation or aberration. I, therefore, think it is not to be considered of first importance and cannot serve for the distinction of species, if not observed in a good series of specimens. This view has been fol- lowed by me invariably and a case I consider as an aberration is briefly discussed in the description of Lamnonyx maxillaris.

The colour also is very variable in the genus Lamnonyx and has, therefore, not been used by me for the distinction of species or of varieties.

ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The genera of Dicellophilinae known up to date are especially distributed from Japan and China to New Guinea, Malaysia and india.

Western North America has two genera with three species and Europe only one species, belonging to one of the North American genera, viz. Dicellophilus.

Tropical Africa has a species, L. insularis (Lucas), which extends to India, and in some places L. maxillaris (Gerv.), which is actually tropocosmopolitan and has been introduced into the Canary Is. and into Madeira, Paris and Hamburg.

South America, if we exclude Tygarrup intermedius, Chamber- lin, described as coming from British Guiana but collected in pots of plants in Washington, has only the tropocosmopolitan L. maxillaris.

The centre of formation and distribution of genera and species of Dicellophilinae has certainly been somewhere between Japan, New Guinea and India.

19g1g.] F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 49

Gen. Lamnonyx, O. F. Cook. (Figs. I—X XIII).

Mecistocephalus ex p. Newport, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842, p. 178; Id., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIX, p. 429 (1844); Wood, Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philad. XIII, p. 176 (1829); Meinert, Nat. Tidsskr. VII, p- 92 (1870); Zd., Pr. Amer. Phil. Soc. XXXII, p. 212 (1885) ; Cham- berlin, Bll. Mus. comp. Zool. Cambridge, Mass. LVIII, p. 209 (1914).

Lamnonyx, O. F. Cook, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XVIII, p. 61 et 74 (1895) ; Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XVIII, p. 210 (1903) ; Verhoeff, Bronn’s Klass. u. Ord. Chilopoda, p. 273 (1908) Ribaut, Chzlopoda, in Voyage Alluaud et Feannel en Sten or. (1QI1-1912), p. 17 (1914).

Corpus postice attenuatum.

Lamina cephalica longior quam latior, sutura frontali discreta, genarum angulo antico interno ad labrum in processum acutum producto, superficie antica infera sublaterali externa in spinam producta. Antennae attenuatae.

Labrum tripartitum parte mediana angustiore, margine cetero nudo vel ciliato; mandibulae laminis pectinatis numerosis in- structae superficie externa nuda; maxillae primi paris subcoxos- terno medio diviso, mala externa et interna subaequalibus simplici- bus, parte proximali bene chitinea et setosa, parte distali curvata, incolori, nuda ; maxillae secundi paris subcoxosterno integro, palpo (ungue incluso) 4-articulato, ungue parvo vel perparvo.

Lamina basalis subtrapezoidea, angusta, haud multo postice latior quam longior.

Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem superantes, sub- coxis et articulis 2-4 plerumque armatis.

Tergita longitudinaliter bisulcata, praetergito segmenti primi pediferi perparvo obtecto, praetergitis ceteris magnis.

Sterna antica sulco mediano a parte postica usque parum ante medium sternum pertinente integro vel antice bifurcato. Praescu- tellum (paratergitum) quam scutellum spiraculiferum majus, scu- tellis ceteris vide fig. I, 9.

Segmentum ultimum pedigerum sterno bene evoluto, subcoxis poris numerosis instructis, pedibus (subcoxis exclusis) 6-articulatis, inermibus.

Pori anales duo.

Species typica: Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Newport.

Habitat.—Regiones tropicales et subtropicales ; in hemisfaero australi etiam regiones temparatae.

Praeter species hic a me descriptae, generi huic pertinent etiam: Lamnonyx angusticeps, Ribaut, Africa or.; L. japonicus (Mein.), Japonia.

CONSPECTUS SPECIERUM HIC DESCRIPTARUM.

A. Pedum paria 49. 1. Sterna antica sulco mediano postico c. ad dimidium sternum bifurcato impressa. 3. Sternorum anticorum furca (semper in seg- mento decimo considerata) angulum acutum formans .,. ot a: ... L. punctifrons (Newp.).

50 Records of the Indian Museum.

a. Mandibularum laminae pectinatae denti- bus proximalibus quam distalibus parum diversis (a laminae dimidia parte ad basim gradatim parum minoribus).

c. Mandibularum margo internus in- teger, capite longiore quam latiore c. ut 75:45; segmenti ultimi sternum trapezoideum ;

d. Mandibularum margo internus brevi spatio serrato, caput, servata propor- ticne, parum latius et segmenti ul- timi pedigeri sterni latera minus convergentia ia Ace

6. Mandibularum laminae pectinatae denti- bus proximalibus quam distales multo minoribus

4. Sterna antica furca angulum subrectum vel obtusum formante.

5. Sterna antica furca angulum subrectum

vel parum obtusum formante.

7. Labri margo nudus; mandibularum margo internus ad laminam primam integer vel subinteger; laminarum pectinatarum dentes proximales sat magni quam distales gradatim par- um minores

var. Pedes primis paris quam idem formae typicae c. 1/4 lon- giores

eC

Labri margo totus breviter ciliatus ; mandibularum laminae tantum in apice dentatae, margine cetero setis brevissimis instructo.

g. Pedes maxillares ungue ter- minali valde uncinato et denti- bus articulorum 2-4 etiam un- cinatis Fs.

10. Pedes maxillares ungue ter- minali moderate arcuato et dentibus articulorum 2-4 haud uncinatis

6. Sterna antica furca angulum valde obtusum formante. Labri margo submedianus setis bre- vibus instructus.

13. Segmentum ultimum pedifer- um sterno ante apicem paul- lum angustiore; mandibulae lamina prima 11-dentata

14. Segmentum ultimum pedifer- um sterno ante apicem multo angustiore ; mandibulae lam- ina prima 16-dentata ae

12. Labri margo submedianus nudus.

15. Mandibularum laminae pect- inatae dentibus proximalibus perparvis

16. Mandibularum laminae pect- inatae dentibus proximalibus quam distales parum minores.

Te

Ibe

[VoL. XVI,

punctifrons, s. str.

punctifrons Vv. sulci- collis (Tom.?.

L. punctifrons v. hetero-

Ib.

tN

4s

pus, Humb.

.insiularis, Lucas.

. insularis Vv. ovien- talis, NOV.

uncifer, Sp. NOV.

. subgigas, Sp. Nov.

. superior, Sp. Nov.

. superior subsp. pal-

lida, nov.

cepha/otes, Mein.

r9gig.] F. Smvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 51

17. Corporis longitudo ad

mm. 40 ... a Lo maxtllaris (Getv.). 18. Corporis longitudo quam dicta(mm.4o0) major ..,. ZL. cephalotes v. subin-

sularis, nov. Sterna antica sulco mediano antice haud_bifur- cato 1mpressa. 19. Corpus ad mm. 50; sternum segmenti ul- timi pediferi subtrapezoideum postice parum angustiore ; subcoxae ejusdem segmenti por- is numerosis instructae er ... L. rubriceps (Wood). 20. Corpus ad mm. 20; sternum segmenti ul- timi pediferi ante apicem angustiore ; subcoxae ejusdem segmenti poris paucis (c. 15) in- Stmictalen es ot ome ... L. modestus, sp. nov. B. Pedum paria minus quam 49. 21. Pedum paria 45. 23. Pedum maxillarium articulus secundus dentibus duobus armatus; sternum seg- menti ultimi pediferi trapezoideum sat latum a fe ... L. sptssus (Wood). 24. Pedum maxillarium articulus secundus dente uno apicali armatus sternum seg- menti ultimi pediferi angusto, lateribus gradatim parum convergentibus ... LL. diversidens, sp nov. 22. Pedum paria 47 iE a ... L. tahitiensts (Wood C. Pedum paria magis quam 4g.

N

25. Pedum paria 51 ae .. L. gigas (Haase).

26. Pedum paria 57 ee ne ... L. diversisternus, sp. nov.

27. Pedum paria 59 ae i p00 oe SHADE. (CEOC))c

25. Pedum paria 65 a aa Soe Le muurandis (ROE):

Lamnonyx punctifrons (Newp.). (Fig. I).

Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Newport, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 179 ; Id., Tr. Linn. Soc. XIX, p. 420, pl. xxxiii, fig. 17 (1845) ; Gervais, Jus. apt. IV, p. 310 (1847); nec auctorum.

? Corpus supra latericium plus minusve fusco variegatum, subtus testaceum, capite rufo, antennis pallide rufis et pedibus ochraceis vel melleis.

Lamina cephalica c. 3/7 (75: 45) longior quam latior, sat grosse et sparse punctata lateribus.postice parum convergentibus.

Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulo sexto duplo longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo etiam duplo longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-5 setis brevioribus et brevibus, articulis ceteris a sexto gradatim setis magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis.

Labrum medium incisum unidentatum margine cetero integro vel vix lobulato; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 910, quarum prima 6—7-dentata, mediana 20-—30-dentata dentibus proximalibus gradatim parum minoribus, externe ad laminam ultimam proces- sibus duobus plus minusve profunde bifidis, margine interno ad laminam primam integro, angulatim aliquantum producto; maxil- lae primi et secundi paris vide fig. I, 7-8.

Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis coalitis parum latioribus quam longioribus,

52 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

antice incisione profunda et dentibus duobus obtusis instructis, articulo secundo externe c. I/3 quam interne longiore dentibus duo- bus obtusis, quorum inferior parum minor est, instructo, articulis duobus sequentibus dente parvo obtuso, ungue terminali longo bene arcuato, integro, ad basim tuberculi obtusi instar parum producto.

Sterna furca typica angulo acutum formante et setis brevis- simis numerosis instructa.

Fie. 1.—Laninonyx punctifrons: 1. caput et trunci segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. caput, praeter appendices, supinum;: 4. labrum; 5. mandibulae pars distalis; 6. ejusdem lamina pectinata submediana ; 7 maxillae primi paris; 8. maxillae Sacre paris: 9. sterni decimi latera cum

tergiti parte et sterno; Io. ejusdem furca ; feminae pars postica supina. A= praetercitum,,-B — tercitum), © = Secale (paratergitum), D = scutellum spiraculiferum, E = postscutellum, F =furca sternalis, L = labrum,

M = processus angularis genarum, N =spina infera antica sublateralis externa, Pe = pedis basis, R= praesternitum, S = sternum.

Pedes primi quam secundi parum minus quam dimidium bre- viores ; pedes ambulatorii ungue terminali longo attenuato.

Segmentum ultimum pediferum sternito trapezoideo, postice setis brevissimis instructo, subcoxis poris numerosis sat magnis et aliis sparsis parvis instructis, pedibus gradatim attenuatis, quam paris precedentis parum minus quam duplo longioribus. Pori anales sat magni.

Pedum paria 49.

I919.] F. Stuvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophtlimorpha. 53

Long. corporis ad mm. 80, lat. segmenti primi 2.

Mas feminae similis, pedibus ultimi paris quam idem feminae parum crassioribus et parum magis setosis.

Habitat.—India: Trichinopoli (Newton) ; Rangamati, Chitta- gong Hill Tracts, Bengal (Rk. Hodgart).

On the nomenclature of L. punctifrons.—Newport described this species on specimens from Madras; from his time to the present day there have been referred to the same species specimens from other parts of Asia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Africa and America, but after an examination of many specimens I have been brought to consider as L. punctifrons, Newport, only the specimens

Fic. I1.—Lamnonyx punctifrons v. heteropus: 1. caput et segmenta pri- mum et secundum trunci supra inspecta; 2. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum subtus inspecta; 3. mandibulae pars distalis; 4 ejusdem lamina mediana; 5. pedes maxillares primi et secundi paris; 6. sterni decimi furca ; 7.-8. feminae corporis pars postrema supina.

from Trichinopoli, a locality not far from Madras, and from a few other Indian localities.

Specimens from some parts of India and from Malaysia, Africa and New Guinea appear different from that considered by me to be L punctifrons and are here described as distinct varieties or species. As Gervais, Lucas, Meinert and Humbert described species of Lamnonyx, incorrectly retained by Pocock, Haase and others as synonyms of L. punctifrons, I have revived the greater number of these species, giving their names to specimens from the localities from which the types were obtained. I note that this method is not correct without the examination of the type specimens, but I

54 Records of the Indian Museum. [| Vou, SViy

think that it is preferable, when it is impossible to obtain the types for examination, to refer to old species of the same locality the specimens which appear to agree with them in the light of the des- criptions than to propose new names.

Lamnonyx punctifrons (Newp.) var. heteropus, Humb. (ioe): Mecistocephalus heteropus, Humbert, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, XVIII, p. 10, pl. ii, fig. 4 (1865). Corpus ferrugineo-ochraceum dorso fusco marmorato, capite latericio.

Fic. I11—Lamnonyx punctifrons v. sulcicollis: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labri dimidia pars; 4 mandi- bula; 5. ejusdem lamina mediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. sterni decimi furca; 8. maris corporis pars postrema supina.

Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam latior, superficie punctis parvis parum numerosis impressa.

Pedes maxillares subcoxis aliquantum antice latioribus quam longioribus, dentibus typicis bene evolutis.

Labrum unidentatum margine submediano convexo integro ; mandibulae margine interno ad laminam primam serrato, laminis

1919.]. F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimoy pha. 55

pectinatis 12, quaram prima 7-dentata, ceterae dentibus proxi malibus quam distales multo minoribus, medianae dentibus 25-30 instructae.

Notae ceterae ut in L. punchifrons, Newp.

Long. corporis ad mm. 85, lat. segmenti primi 3.

Habitat.—Ceylon : Pattipola (Gravely) ; Horton Plains, 7,000 ft. (Kemp).

Observatio.—Species haec a L. punctifrons (Newp.) mandibu- larum forma et a L.! cephalotes (Mein.) sternitorum furca angulum acutum formante distincta est.

L. punctifrons (Newp.) var. sulcicollis (Témosvary). (Fig. III).

Mecistocephalus sulcicollis, Yémésvary, Termész. Fiizet. V1, p. 162, tab. ill, fig. 3-4 (1882).

Corpore luride ochraceum capite testaceo. Lamina cephalica et pedes maxillares parum latiora quam in forma typica ex Trichinopoli, mandibularum margo internus parum

serratus, segmenti ultimi sternum lateribus parum minus conver- ventibus.

Long. corp. ad mm. 58, lat. 2°6. Habitat.—Borneo: Irusau (coll. Silvestyt). Observatio.—Exemplum unum vidi, quod mihi aliquantum

diversum ab exemplis ex Trichinopoli videtur et ut varietas con- siderandum.

Lamnonyx insularis (Lucas). (Fig. IV).

Geophilus insularis, Lucas, Myriapodes, in Maillard, Note sur l’ile de la Riunion, ed 2, Paris 1863, Annex N, pl. xxi, fig. 1.

Loe ewes heros, Meipert, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXIII, p. 214

1886).

Mecistocephalus punctifrons, Porat, Bihang Sv. Vet.-Ak. XX, Afd. IV, No.5, p.20 (1894) ; Silvestri, Ann. Mus. Genova XX XV, p. 484(1895) ; Broelemann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France VIII, p. 528 (1895) ; Saussure & Zehntner, Abh. Senckenb. nat. Ges. XXVI, p. 433 (1901); Saussure, Myr. Madagascar, p, 328, pl. xiv, fig. 14-146 (1902); Broelemann, Boll. Soc. ent. \tal. XX XV, p.118 (1903) ; Attems, ex p. Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XVIII, p. 211 (1903); Silvestri, Mir. in ‘Jl Ruvenzort” Relag scientif. 1, p. 322 (1909) , Attems, in ‘‘ Voeltzkou’’, Rezse in Ostafrica 1903-1905, Wiss. Ergeb. III, p. 80 (1910) ; Ribaut, Myr. 1, Chrlopoda, p. 117, pl. i, fig. 9-12 et pl. ii, fig. 13-15 in ‘‘ Voyage Alluaud et Fean- nel en Afrique or. (1914)"’. ~

Lamnonyx togensis, O. F. Cook, Brandtia, p. 39 (1896) Pullus !

Mecistocephalus punctifrons v. glabridorsalis, Attems, Zool. Fahrb. Syst. XIII, p. 138 (1900).

Corpus luride ochraceum vel ochraceo-testaceum, capita latericio dorso et lateribus immaculatis vel fusco plus minusve marmoratis, rare corpus totum cremeum capite fulvo-ferrugineo

vel ferrugineo-latericio, antennis fulvo-ferrugineis, pedibus och- raceis vel cremeis.

56 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (12:7 vel 10: 5°8) longior quam antice latior, lateribus postice parum con- vergentibus, superficie praesentim postice grosse punctata.

Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulorum longitudine et forma variabili, articulo sexto tam longo atque lato vel plerumque

Fic. 1V.—Lamnonyx tnsularis: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labri dimidia pars; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejusdem lamina mediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris ; 7. feminae corporis

pars postrema supina (figuras omnes exempli ex Africa occidentali: ins. Anno- bom),

longiore (usque duplo) quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo c. duplo longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-4 setis brevibus, arti- culis ceteris setis brevibus et setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis.

Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis coalitis parum (antice) latioribus quam longio-

g19.] F. Sinvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 57

ribus, dentibus typicis bene evolutis, ungue terminali attenuato, acuto, bene arcuato.

Labrum medium tunidentatum margine cetero aliquantum con- vexo nudo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 10 praeter laminam externam obsoletam, quarum prima 6—7-dentata, mediana, 20-den- tata, maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. IV, 6.

Sterna furca angulum subrectum vel parum obtusum formante et setis numerosis brevissimis instructa.

Fic. V.—Lamnonyx insularis, pullus: i. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. sternum decimum; 7. corporis pars postrema supina; 8. eadem prona.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi dimidio breviores (long. maxima mm. 1°20); pedes omnes hirtelli, ungue terminali robusto.

Segmentum ultimum sternito trapezoideo postice ante apicem parum angustiore setis brevissimis praesertim postice pernumero- sis instructo, subcoxis poris numerosis parvis et aliis magis numero- sis perparvis instructis, pedibus parum attenuatis quam paris praecedentibus c. 1/3 longioribus brevissime setosis.

Pori anales sat magni, sub appendicibus genitalibus obtectis.

58 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI,

Pedum paria 49; long. corp. mm. 40-90, lat. segmenti primi ad 3°6.

Mas segmento ultimo pedifero, pedibus inclusis, quam idem feminae magis piloso.

Pullus (fig. V) iam coloratus long. corp. mm. 13, lat. segmenti primi 0°68. Corpus ochraceum capite ferrugineo. Caput forma eidem adulti simile, pedum maxillarium dentibus omnibus evolutis ; segmentum ulitimum pediferum subcoxis poris nullis; pori anales magni.

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Fic. Vi.—Lamnonyx insularis var. orientalis: 1. caput et segmenta pri- mum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labri dimidia pars; 4. mandi- bulae pars distalis ; 5. ejusdem lamina pectinata submediana ; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. furca sterni decimi; 8. pedis decimi pars distalis; 9. feminae pars postrema supina (figurae exempli ex Kavalai).

Mandibulae laminis pectinatis 6, quarum prima 6-dentata, mediana to-dentata, maxillarum setis vide fig. V, 5.

Habitat.— Africa tropicalis tota et insulae adiacentes. Exempla vidi ad Olokemeji (Nigeria), Aburi (Auris Costa), Segboroue (Da- homey), Victoria (Camerum), OQuifangondo (Angola), Boma (Congo), Asmara (Erythrea), Somalia et Toro (Africa orientalis); Ins. S. Thomé; Vista Alegre, Ribeira, Palma, Ins. Fernando Poo; Ins. Annobon.

Exemplum typicum a Lucas descriptum ex ins. Réunion.

Exempla ex India: Parambiculam, Cochin State, 1700-3200 It.

1919.] F. Supvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 59

(Gravely); Foot of the Nellampathies, Cochin State (G. Matthat): cum exemplis ex Africa notis omnibus bene congruunt.

Observatio.—Species haec a L. punctifrons furca antica sternali angulum subrectum, vel parum obtusum (haud acutum) formante, poris subcoxarum segmenti ultimi pediferi minoribus bene dis- tincta est.

Lamnonyx insularis (Lucas) var. orientalis, nov. (Fig. VI).

Mecistocephalus punctifrons ex p. Haase, Abh. Zool. u. Anthr. Mus. Dresden 1, N. 5, p. 104 (1887); Silvestri, Ann. Mus. Genova XXXIV,

p- 134 et 719 (1895). Varietas haec a forma typica differt pedibus primi paris quam idem L. insularis c. 1/4 longioribus (long. ad mm. 1°60), poris sub-

WE Ve PAY if

Fie. VII.—Lamnonyx insularis var. orientalis, pullus: 1. caput et seg- menta primum et secundum prona; 2 eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi paris; 6. maxillae secundi paris; 7. corporis pars postrema supina ; 8. eadem prona.

coxatum segmenti ultimi pedigeri: parum majoribus (cfr. fig. VI,

Pullus (cum matre ex Kavalai collectus) cremeus capite ochro- leuco, long. corp. mm. 13, segmenti primi lat. 0°70 eodem formae typicae similis (cfr. fig. VID).

Habitat.—India: Kavalai (@ cum pullis 15), Cochin State (Gravely); Kobo, 400 ft. (Abor Expedition); Ootacamund, S. India

60 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XVI,

et Anamalais (Fletcher) ; Mergui; Port Blair, Andamans ; Sumatra: Si-Rambé (Modigliant).

Lamnonyx cephalotes (Mein.) (Fig. VIII).

Mecistocephalus ? pilosus, Wood, F. Ac. Nat. Sct. 1863, p. 43.

Mecistocephalus cephalotes, Meinert, Nat. Tidsskr. VII, p. 100 (1871).

Mecistocephalus? punctifrons, Attems, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburgh XXIV, p. 96 (1907).

2 Corpus testaceo-ochraceum vel plus minusve dilute ochro- leucum capite fulvo vel latericio.

>

NN \S

4 f

iB i

Fic. VIIl.—Lamnonyx cephalotes: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supira; 3. mandibulae pars distalis; 4. ejusdem lamina mediana; 5. sterni decimi furca.

Lamnonyx cephalotes var. multispinata: 6. mandibulae pars distalis; 7. ejusdem lamina submediana.

Lamina cephalica c. 3/8 longior quam latior, lateribus postice parum convergentibus. Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulo sexto c. 1/5 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo c. 3/5 longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris etiam setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis.

1919.] F. Sinvestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 61

Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat brevi superantes subcoxis coalitis parum antice latioribus quam longiori- bus, dentibus typicis bene evolutis, unguo terminali bene arcuato.

Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero convexo nudo ; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 10, quarum prima 7-dentata, me- diana c. 4o-dentata, dentibus usque ad basim sistentibus et grada- tim ab apice ad basim minoribus instructa; maxillae primi et secundi paris eisdem speciei pracedenti similes. 3

Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. dimidio breviores; pedes omnes hirsutelli, ungue terminali longo, robusto, attenuato.

Segmentum ultimum sternito trapezoidali, postice parum an- gustiore, brevissime persetoso, subcoxis poris sat numerosis et sat parvis, pedibus quam paris precedentis duplo vel parum magis quam duplo longioribus, postice parum attenuatis, hirtellis.

Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 60, lat. segmenti primi 2°6.

Habitat.—Exemplum descriptum in monte Tengger, Java (Friihstorfer) collectum fuit. Exempla minora ex eodem loco corpore ochroleuco. Exempla alia vidi ad Gedé, Java (Friihstorfer) collecta et ad Kalimpong, Darjiling, E. Himalaya, 600-4,500 ft. (Ff. 4. Gravely); ad Darjiling, 6,000-7,000 ft. (Id.); ad Singla, Darjiling, 1,500 ft. (Lord Carmichael); ad Hanoi (V. Demange); ad Tan-Moi, Tonkin (Frihstorfer).

Observatio.—Species haec a L. punctifrons et a L. insularts furca sternorum anticorum angulum obtusum formante bene distincta est.

Lamnonyx cephalotes (Mein.) var. subinsularis, nov.

Varietas haec a forma typica mandibularum laminis pectinatis dentibus proximalibus quam distales parum minoribus differt.

Habitat.—Ceylan: Madatugama (Madarasz); Sumatra: M. Singalan (Beccari); Mergui (Mus. Calcutta); Tonkin: Hanoi (Demange).

Lamnonyx cephalotes (Mein.) var. multispinata, nov.

Varietas haec a forma typica mandibularum (fig. VIII, 6, 7) laminarum partis proximalis superficie spinis minimis numerosis instructa distinguenda.

Corpus ochroleucum vel ochraceum capite latericio.

Long. corp. ad mm. 52, lat. segmenti primi 2-4.

Habitat.—India: Rotung, 1,400 ft. et Upper Rotung, Abor Exped. (Kemp).

Lamnonyx maxillaris (Gerv.). (Fig. IX).

Geophilus maxillaris, Gervais, Ann. Sct. nat. (2) VII, p. 52 (1837) ; Lihss Atlas de zoologie pl. 55, fig. 4 (1844); Id., Ins. apt. 1V, p. 309, pl. 39, fig. 5 (1847).

62 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XVI,

Mecistocephalus guildingit, Newport, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIX, p. 429 (1845) ; Meinert, Nat. Tidsskr. (3) VII, p. 97 (1871).

Mecistocephalus gullivert, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) XVII, p. 446 (1876) ; Id., Phil. Trans. CLXVIII, p. 500 (1879).

Mecistocephalus punctifrons ex p. Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden |, N. 5, p. 104 (1887); ex p. Pocock, Ann. Mus. Genova XXX, p. 423 (1891) ; Latzel, Fahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. X\I, p.5 (1895); Broelemann, Bull. Soc. ent. France 1897, p. 136.

Lamnonyx leonensis, O. ¥. Cook, Brandtia, p. 39 (1896).

Mecistocephalus parvus, Chamberlin, Psyche X XI, p. 85 (1914).

@ Corpus plus minusve dilute ochraceum capite latericio vel rufo-ferrugineo, antennis rufo-ferrugineis, pedibus corpori conco- loribus.

Fig. [X.—Lamnonyx maxillaris: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejus- dem lamina submediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. sternum deci- mum; 8, feminae corporis pars postrema supina (fig. 1-8 exempli ex Kierpur) ; g. feminae corporis pars postrema supina (exempli ex Hawaii) ; 10. eadem pulli et 11. eadem juvenis (exemplorum ex Hawaii); 12, maris pars postrema supina ; 13. caput et segmenta primum et secundum; 14. eadem supina (figurae 12-14 exempli ex Andaman). ;

Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam latior (63 : 34), lateribus postice parum convergentibus.

Antennae gradatim attenuatae, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulo ultimo fere duplo longiore quam latiore, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris etiam setis brevioribus gradatim parum magis numerosis instructis.

1g19.| F. SiLvESTRI: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 63

Pedes niaxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio brevi super- antes, subcoxis coalitis parum latioribus quam longioribus, margine antico dentibus duobus sat parvis, articulo secundo dentibus duo- bus brevibus, articulo tertio et quarto dente perparvo, ungue terminali longo, attenuato, sat arcuato. Labrum medium incisum unidentatum utrimque integro, convexo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 5-6, quarum prima dentibus 6, quarta dentibus 9 subae- qualibus et dente parvo basali instructa, nec non appendici externa longa, plus minusve manifeste bifida, et appendici brevi apice varie partite compositae; maxillae primi.et secundi paris vide fig. IX, 6.

Sterna furca ramis brevibus angulum obtusum formante et setis brevibus, praesertim postice, et setis brevioribus sat nume- rosis instructa. Pedes primi paris quam secundi parum magis quam dimidium minores; pedes omnes hirsutelli, ungue terminali atte- nuato, sat longo.

Segmentum ulitimum sternito subtrapezoideo postice parum constricto setis pluribus brevissimis instructo, subcoxis poris parvis et aliis perparvis sat numerosis (subtus c. 20) instructis, pedibus gradatim parum attenuatis, quam paris praecedentis c. 1/3 longiori- bus, hirtellis.

Pedum paria 49. Porianalessat magni. Long. corp. ad mm. 38, lat. segmenti primi 1°05.

Mas feminae similis.

Habitat.—Species haec in regionibus tropicalibus orbis terra- rum sparsa est et etiam in Ins. Canarie et in Parisiorum et Ham- burg calidariis. Exempla vidi ex India: Kierpur, Purnea distr. (femina long. mm. 28 cum pullis 18); Sadiya, N.E. Assam (Kemp) ; Samagooting, Assam; Puri, Orissa (Kemp); Mahé; Tri- chinopoli (Newton).

Nuova Guinea: Simbang et Sattelberg (5770).

Ins. Philippine: Manila.

Samoa: Pago Pago (Sulvesirt).

Hawaii: Hilo (Silvestrt).

S. America: Cuba, Cuyaba, Brazil (Szlvestrz).

Africa: S. Paolo de Loanda, Angola et Lagos, Nigeria (Szlves- tvt); S. Nikola, Ins. Capo Verde (fea).

Aberratio.—Exemplum vidi ad Andaman collectum lamina cephalica (fig. IX, 13) magis quam duplo longiore quam latiore ; idem ut exemplum aberrans ‘‘ dolichocephalum ’’ considero.

Lamnonyx superior, sp. n. (Fig. X).

? Corpus supra testaceum fusco dense marmoratum, subtus ochraceo-testaceum fuseo parum marmoratum, capite latericio, antennis pallide latericiis pedibus testaceis, segmento ultimo pedi- gero testaceo.

Lamina cephalica c. 4/9 longior quam latior grosse et sparse punctata (postice praesertim). Antennae gradatim attenuatae,

64 Records of the Indian Museum, [WOn., Svar, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulis 1-4 setis brevibus, a quinto setis etiam brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis.

Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat longo superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus, dentibus typicis brevibus, ungue terminali bene arcuato. medium obtuse unidentatum, margine cetero per partem sub- medianam breviter setoso et angulo interno acute producto; man- dibulae laminis pectinatis 14, quarum prima I1-dentata, mediana 55-dentata, dentibus basim attingentibus et ab apice gradatim

Tabrum

Ay

Ry ANY) AINA (rn)

SS

se

Fic. X.—Lamnonyx superior: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. ejusdem pars mediana et submediana magis ampliatae ; 5. mandibulae pars distalis; 6. ejusdem lamina pectinata sub-

mediana magis ampliata; 7. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 8. sterni decimi furca; g. feminae corporis pars postrema supina.

minoribus, mandibulae margine interno irregulariter et parum profunde serrato, margine externo ad laminam I4 ™@am appendici- bus duobus dentatis acuto; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. X, 7.

Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante instructa.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. dimidio breviores; pedes ambulatorii setis numerosis brevioribus et nonnullis brevibus in- structi, ungue terminali sat longo, robusto, attenuato.

Segmentum ultimum sterno trapezoideo, postice praesertim brevissime persetoso, ante apicem paullum angustiore, subcoxis

1919.) F. Stnvestri: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 65 bene inflatis poris parvis et poris perparvis numerosis instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes magis quam duplo longioribus, tenui- bus et attenuatis, hirtellis.

Pedum paria 49; long. ad mm. rro, lat. segmenti primi ad

~

Habitat.—Nechal, W. Ghats, c. 2,000 ft.; Taloshi, Koyna Valley, c. 2,000 ft., E. side of Koyna Valley et Helvak,

Koyna Valley, c. 2,000 ft., Satara dist. (F. H. Gravely); Palgad, Ratna- giri dist.

ULE tip

anit

Fie. XIl.—Lamnonyx superior subsp. pallida: 1. pedes maxillares et segmen-

tum primum pediferum supina; 2. labrum; 3. ejusdem pars mediana et submedi- ana magis ampliatae; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejusdem lamina pectinata submediana; 6. maxillae primi paris; 7. maxillae secundi paris; 8. palpi apex ;

g. sternum decimum ; 10, feminae corporis pars postrema supina; 11. maris cor- poris pars postrema supina.

Lamnony«x superior, Silv. subsp. pallida, nov. (Fig, XI). Corpus pallide flavum vel ochroleucum capite latericio an- tennis fulvis, pedibus corpore concoloribus. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam

latior, punctis grossis praesertim in fovea mediana postice im- pressa.

66 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor: Vi,

Antennae attenuatae, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam ad apicem latiore, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis instructis.

Pedes maxillares marginem frontalem spatio sat magno supetr- antes, subcoxis coalitis subaeque antice latis quam longis, dentibus typicis robustioribus. Labrum medium obtuse unidentatum, margine cetero per partem submedianam setis brevibus instructo et angulo interno acute bene producto; mandibulae laminis pec- tinatis 9, quarum prima 16-dentata, ceterae dentibus ab apice ad basim gradatim minoribus, mediana dentibus c. 37 imnstructa; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XI, 6-7.

Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. dimidio breviores, pedes ambulatorii hirtelli, ungue terminali elongato, attenuato, acuto.

Segmentum ultimum pediferum sterno trapezoideo parum ante apicem angustiore, postice breviter persetoso, subcoxis poris parvis et praesertim perparvis numerosis nec non setis brevibus et brevioribus, numerosis brevioribus praesertim per marginem in- structis ; pedibus quam praecedentes c. duplo longioribus, aliquan- tum attenuatis.

Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 45, lat. segmenti primi 170s Habitat.—Parambiculam, 1,700-3,200 ft., Cochin State (Ff. H. Gravely); Base of hills, Chakardharpur, Singbhoom dist., Chota Nagpur (Ff. H. Gravely); Kalka, Simla; Purulia, Manbhum dist., Chota Nagpur (Gravely); Dinapore, Bihar; Medha, Yenna Valley, Satara dist., 2,500-3,500 ft. (Gravely); Bababudin Hills, Mysore (Fletcher); Khondmal Hills, Angul dist., interior of Orissa, c. 1,500 fit. (fie Davior):

Observatio.—Subspecies haec a forma typica magnitudine, colore et mandibularum lamina pectinata prima longiore et magis dentata et segmenti ultimi pediferi sterno ante apicem angustiore bene distincta est.

Lamnonyx rubriceps, Wood. (Fig. XII).

Mecistocephalus rubriceps, Wood, F. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1863, p. 42. Geophilus tenuiculus, C. Koch, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XXVII, p- 794 (1878). Mecistocephalus tenuiculus, Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden 1, N. 5, p. 103 (1887). Corpus ochroleucum medio dorse parum infuscato, capite fulvo-ferrugineo vel latericio. Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longiore quam latiore, superficie sparse et grosse punctata praesertim postice. Antennae attenuatae articulis 1-6 setis brevibus nonnullis, articulis ceteris setis brevioribus gradatim magis numerosis in- structis, articulo sexto c. 1/3 longiore quam latiore, articulo ultimo duplo longiore quam latiore. ;

1919.) F. Sinvestri«: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimorpha. 67

Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero integro, nudo; mandibulae laminis pectinatis 9, quarum prima 6-dentata, me- diana 23-dentata dentibus ab apice ad basim gradatim parum minoribus ; maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XII, 5. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat longo super- antes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus margine antico parum sinuato dentibus submedianis destituto, articulis ceteris dentibus typicis sat parvis, ungue terminali longo, bene arcuato dente basali infero parvo, supero sat magno coniico.

Sterna antica sulco longitudinali postico exarata, furcae bra- chiis brevissimis, subnullis.

a

Fic. XIl.—Lamnonyx rubriceps: 1. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum supina; 2. labrum; 3. mandibulae pars distalis, 4. ejusdem lamina submediana; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. sternum decimum ; 7. femi- nae corporis pars postrema supina.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi aliquantum minus quam dimidium breviores ungue terminali sat longo; pedes ceteri hir- telli ungue terminali sat longo, robusto.

Segmentum ultimum pedigerum sternito trapezoidali ante apicem parum angustiore parte postica setis brevissimis vestita, subcoxis per superficiem internam parum latam brevissime setosis, cetero poris sat magnis et poris parvis numerosis undique instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. duplo longioribus, hirtellis.

Mas corporis parte postrema quam eadem feminae magis setosa.

-Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 50, lat. segmenti primi Qk

68 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voyr. XVI,

Habitat.—Japan. Ins. Bonin (Univ. Tokio).

Variatio.—Exempla numerosa ad Kosempo (ins. Formosa) a Cl. H. Sauter collecta vidi, quae notis omnibus cum exemplis ex Ins. Bonin congruunt corporis colore excepto, qui melleus vel luride melleus est per dorsum fusco variegatus et per caput tes- taceo-latericius vel latericius.

Long. corp. ad mm. 60.

Observatio.—Species haec a L. sectionis L. insularts, Tucas sternis tantum sulco postico mediano impressis facile distinguenda est.

Fic. XIII].—Lamnonyx modestus: 1, caput et segmenta primum et secun- dum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. pedis maxillaris articali 2-5; 7. sternum deci- mum; 8. feminae corporis pars postica supina: 9. maris corporis pars postica supina; 10, eadem prona; II. et 12. juvenium corporis pars postica supina.

Lamnonyx modestus, sp. n. (Fig. XIIT).

Corpus melleum capite fulvo-testaceo.

Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (80: 45) longior quam latior, superficie sparse et grosse punctata. Antennae ali- quantum attenuatae, articulis 1-6 setis brevibus, a septimo grada-

19t9.] F. Sinvestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimoy pha. 69

tim setis parum magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem parum superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longioribus margine antico sinuato, dentibus submedianis parvis, articulis ceteris dentibus typicis sat parvis, ungue terminali sat arcuato, sat attenuato, acuto, haud longo.

Labrum medium unidentattfm, margine cetero integro; man- dibulae laminis pectinatis 5-6, lamina mediana 7-dentata, dentibus subaequalibus ; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XIII, 5.

Sterna antica sulco mediano postico antice haud bifurcato exarata.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi parum minus quam dimidium breviores, pedes ceteri hirtelli ungue terminali robusto, brevi.

Segmentum ultimum pediferum sternito trapezoideo postice parte mediana valde angustiore, dimidia parte postica setis bre- vioribus numerosis vestita, subcoxis facie interna postica spatio sat angusto setis numerosis brevioribus vestita, poris inferis et lateralibus c. 15 instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes c. 2/7 longi- oribus, parum attenuatis hirtellis.

Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 20, lat. segmenti primi I.

Habitat.—Sattelberg, Nova Guinea, exempla nonnulla Cl. L. Biro in arboribus putrescentibus et sub foliis legit.

Observatto.—Species haec ad L. rubescens, Wood proxima est, sed statura minore, sterniti ultimi forma et poris subcoxalibus segmenti ultimi pedigeri minus numerosis facile distinguenda est.

Lamnonyx gigas (Haase). (Fig. XIV). Mecistocephalus gigas, Haase, Abh. Mus. Dresden 1, N. 5, p. 105, taf. vi, fig. iii.

Corpus melleum supra fusco variegatum capite testaceo-late- ricio ; superficie dorsuali brevissime setosa.

Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo (8: 4'5) longior quam latior sparse et sat grosse punctata. Pedes maxillares flexi, marginem frontalem spatio longo superantes subcoxis parum antice (c. 1/8) latioribus quam longioribus, margine mediano anguste sinuato dentibus duobus parvis limitato, dentibus ceteris typicis sat parvis, ungue terminali bene arcuato attenuato acuto, tuber- culo basali parvo. Labrum medium unidentatum, parte sub- mediana aliquantum producta margine toto usque ad latera bre- vissime setoso. Mandibulae lamina prima pectinata parva 4- dentata, laminis aliis 26 apice dentibus 10-15 armato cetero mar- gine setis brevissimis instructo. Maxillae primi et secundi paris setis vide fig. XIV, 6.

Sterna antica furca angulum sat acutum formante instructa.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi c. 1/3 (vel parum magis) bre- viores. Pedes ceteri hirtelli.

Segmentum praegenitale lamina ventrali trapezoidea ante apicem paullum angustiore, brevissime setosa, subcoxis multo in-

70 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor.. XVI,

flatis poris parvis et perparvis obsessis, pedibus quam praece- dentes duplo longioribus, attenuatis, breviter setosis, poris anali- bus sat magnis.

Pedum paria 51; long. corp. ad mm. 87, lat. segmenti primi 3°8.

Habitat.—Feminas duas vidi a Cl. J. Steel ad Fife Bay, Nova Guinea Britannica, collectas. ;

Vera an : Ay t

1)

ji: ‘i SLL ses

i 5 i

Fic. XIV.—Lamnonyx gigas: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. eadem supina; 3. labrum; 4. mandibulae pars distalis; 5. ejusdem lamina submediana; 6. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 7. sterni decimi furca ; 8. feminae corporis pars postica supina.

Lamnonyx subgigas, sp. n. (Fig. XV).

Corpus luride testaceum dorso infuscato, capite testaceo-late- ricio. coe

Lamina cephalica parum minus quam duplo longior quam latior (3: 4°5), superficie sparsissime et grosse punctata, postice magis punctata. Antennae attenuatae articulis r 6 setis brevibus, articulis ceteris setis gradatim magis numerosis et brevioribus instructis. Pedes maxillares flexi marginem frontalem spatio sat magno superantes, subcoxis parum antice latioribus quam longio- ribus, margine antico medio anguste sinuato, dentibus submedianis sat parvis, dentibus typicis articulorum ceterorum bene evolutis, ungue terminali attenuato, acuto, bene arcuato.

1919.] F. Srivestrr: Indian Chilopoda Geophilimor pha. 7

Labrum medium unidentatum margine cetero setis breviori- bus toto vestito; mandibulae laminis 15-20, quarum prima 6— 7-dentata, ceterae parte apicali tantum dentata, parte proximali tota setis marginalibus minimis vestita; maxillae primi et secundi paris vide fig. XV, 5.

Sterna antica furca angulum obtusum formante impressa.

Pedes primi paris quam secundi parum minus quam dimidium breviores, pedes ceteri hirtelli ungue terminali elongato, at- tenuato.

Fic. XV.-—Lamnonyx subgigas: 1. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum pediferum supina; 2. labrum; 3. mandibulae pars distalis; 4. ejusdem laminae submedianae pars distalis; 5. maxillae primi et secundi paris; 6. sterni decimi furca; 7. feminae corporis pars postica supina.

Segmentum praegenitale sternito longo, trapezoideo, ante apicem parum angustiore, parte postica magis setosa, subcoxis poro subpostico ventrali magno, nec non poris numerosis parvis et perparvis undique instructis, pedibus quam praecedentes duplo vel parum magis quam duplo longioribus, setis brevioribus vestitis.

Pedum paria 49; long. corp. ad mm. 60, lat. segmenti primi 2°5.

Pullus (fig. XVI) long. corp. 17, lat. segmenti primi o'9o. Corpus luride melleum capite subtestaceo. Mandibulae lami- nis pectinatis 13, eisdem adulti similibus sed dentibus apicalibus

72 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XVI,

minus numerosis; pedum maxillarium unguis quam idem adulti aliquantum magis arcuatus. Segmenti praegenitalis subcoxae poris nullis vel poro uno magno instructae. Pori anales magni. Habitat.— Nova Guinea: Simbang, Sattelberg. Observatio.— Species haec ad L. gigas (Haase) perproxima est, sed segmentorum numero, statura, poro magno subcoxarum posti- catum, saltem ut species vel subspecies distinguenda est.

Vp

Ree ESN

Fig. XVI.—Lamnonyx subgigas, pullus: 1. caput et segmenta primum et secundum prona; 2. pedes maxillares et segmentum primum